" political magazine: "The Protocols of Zion Church. On the history of an imaginary rotation of Stalin to the religion and the Orthodox Church in 1930 "
Subject relationship between the Church and the Soviet state - one of the most discussed today in the national journalism and historiography. In the heat of debate is not always possible to avoid inaccuracies and exaggeration. The most important thing here In our opinion, keep history from new distortions. This principle, we follow by publishing this study.
in 1999 in the journal "contemporary" and a number of the media without reference to the sources, but with pathos comments were published sensational materials to testify about a radical change in the Stalinist state policy towards the Orthodox religion and the Church in 1939, before the war, the termination of the persecution of the Orthodox clergy and believers, as well as the mass amnesty convicted of Ecclesiastical Affairs in November and December the same year.
in "Specifying the Central Executive Committee and the CPC" for подписями председателя ВЦИК М.И. Калинина и председателя СНК В.И. Ленина от 1 мая 1919 г. за № 13666/2, адресованном председателю ВЧК Ф.Э. Дзержинскому, со ссылкой на некое mysterious "decision and the CPC Central Executive Committee" (no numbers, no date, nor the names of the publishers it is not given), the need for "as soon as possible do away with priests and religion. Priests should be arrested as counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs who mercilessly shot and elsewhere. And as much as possible. The church be closed down. Seal the premises of temples and converted warehouses.
bloodthirsty and ferocious Leninist "designation" in publications usually complements the "Extract from the Minutes № 88 meeting of the Politburo of the CPSU (b) from 11 November 1939", subtitled "Issues of religion," signed by Stalin. Contained in the discharge decision is addressed to "religion, the ministers of the Russian Orthodox Church and Orthodox believers." His point overrides "of Comrade Ulyanov (Lenin) from 1 May 1919 "and" all relevant instructions Cheka-OGPU-NKVD, relating to the prosecution ministers of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Orthodox believers. " One item reads: "To recognize inappropriate to continue the practice of the NKVD in the arrests of the Russian Orthodox priests, persecution of believers. " NKVD instructed "to make an audit of convicted and arrested citizens on matters related to bogosluzhitelskoy (as in the text. - IK) activity, release of those whose activities are "not caused harm to the Soviet regime." Complements the "Resolution" Brief Overview Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, LP Beria on 22 December 1939 in the name of Stalin. In it the head of the NKVD reports on the "issue of freedom," referring to the ruling Politburo on November 11, 1939, from the camps - 12 860 people and from custody - 11 223. That is 24 000. According to the "Help Beria, from continuing to serve his sentence of more than 50 thousand people," the activities of which has caused substantial harm to the Soviet regime, it was planned to "liberate" all of about 15 thousand prisoners, and do the rest "will be reviewed." This story and is given in proposition turning toward the Stalinist leadership of the Church before the war. Many publications have an earlier "Extract from the minutes of the Politburo of the September 12, 1933," the need to protect "monuments of ancient Russian architecture." Signed Stalin supposedly "document", "finds it impossible to design built-up due to the destruction of temples and churches, which should be regarded as monuments of architecture ancient Russian architecture. " These materials are widely used in the national historiography of the new millennium. Mite in this case made and church people. Thus, one of their first publishers, the priest Father Dimitry Dudko, a dissident of the Soviet era, "his sight after adjustment and became the spiritual father of the newspaper tomorrow, "concludes that published them" sensational "archival findings" rehabilitate Stalin as an "orthodox" "Believer" of man.
Most authors refer to some "secret archives", where such important documents for decades hid from society, while remaining unknown until 1999, but the precise archival references none of them does not. Thus, the authors, based on these materials, written, and the "almost complete revision of the Leninist line on religious issues, since 1917, and early in 1939 dramatic turnaround of the Soviet state towards the church, while making no attempt to understand the reliability of sources used.
Be the published material is true, it's upset to approve in the historiography of the idea of forced rotation of Stalin's Church of the course - from persecution to the partial legalization of the Church - because of the events of the Great World War II, which would mean this historiographical revolution.
So, if this revolution took place?
first consider the so-called "Specifying the Lenin from 1 May 1919 for the number 13666 / 2" to "fight with the priests and religion." Note first that in the practice of party-state office in general never existed document titled "Direction." In particular, the CPC Central Executive Committee and not published a single document with the same name for all time of the activities. There are only decisions and decrees, signed by the heads of these bodies (see books of "The decrees of Soviet power"), with ordinal numbers of such documents are not assigned. Yet in all publications, "Note" accompanied by the serial number 13666 / 2, which implies the presence of many thousands of "instructions" in the public record keeping. Strangely enough, none of these documents are not known to historians, not identified in the archives, never published. Of course, this number coined in order to artificially introduce his apocalyptic "number of the beast", to give a paper pronounced mystical nature, to associate it with "Satanic" verses of Russian Bolshevism, which allegedly put a limit wise statesman " Stalin.
But, alas, Lenin did not sign his whole party-state activities of any single document that would wear the title "Note" or the three sixes, or without, as is easily seen in his Collected Works, "Biographical Chronicle, a collection of" The decrees of Soviet power. " In the Russian State Archive of Socio-political history is kept full of fund documents Lenin. For many decades, he purposefully formed Soviet state, it is totally incorporated all of Lenin's papers. On the authority of the Director RGASPI KM Anderson, all documents Leninist Fund declassified and made available to researchers, as state secrets, they did not provide. "Specifying the Lenin from 1 May 1919" in RGASPI missing (like all the rest of "Notes"). Secret is only the history of Lenin's illness. All documents Lenin RGASPI cataloged strictly by date. Among the papers Lenin, relating to the May 1, 1919, no anti-religious - it is signed by him several rulings of the Small SNK, and they all relate to small business issues. Missing "Direction of Lenin on May 1, 1919 and the State Archives of the Russian Federation, which holds assets of People's Commissars and Central Executive Committee. Negative feedback on the availability of this "document" given in their official letters of the Central Archive of the Russian FSB and the Archive of Russian President. So, the "Direction of Lenin on May 1, 1919" not at all relevant to This category of state and departmental archives in Russia. Similarly, there was no secret "solutions and the CPC Central Executive Committee," 1917-1919. the need "As soon as possible to end the priests and religion," pursuant to which the "Direction of Lenin on May 1, 1919," though it was released. There is no "Instructions Cheka-OGPU-NKVD," referring to a "reference", there is no documentation about its implementation.
In addition, the contents of an imaginary "Instructions Lenin on May 1, 1919 "directly contradicts the facts of the history of church-state relations in 1918 - the beginning of 1920.
Documents SNK RSFSR show that in 1919 and 1920. and in early 1920. by order of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR individual churches repeatedly surrendered to the community of believers, and solutions local authorities to close them abolished. Under the action of "Lenin's instructions on 1 May 1919" or similar document that would be quite impossible.
In addition, one of the main mechanisms or methods of persecution of the Church and religion in the Civil War from the central Bolshevik power was conscious and tacit connivance. Thus, the local authorities from the center behind the scenes was given a kind of carte blanche, they could more or less freely act in the spirit of its revolutionary justice and soobrazovyvayas with a specific situation. This practice allows the center of the benefit to distance on many unpopular anti-clerical actions. No policy, pogroms, centralized, general guidance, even secret, if such policies do not required. It was enough to untie the hands of his comrades on the ground. The initiators of the persecution under such an approach is not only and not the local KGB, but and virtually all the organs of Soviet power, and channel their activities party organizations. Closing in droves during the Civil War and War Communism temples in most cases transferred under the cultural and educational institutions (schools, politprosvetkruzhki, red corners, house reading rooms, kiosks anti-religious literature, etc.). and not accessed throughout the warehouse, allegedly ordered to "instructions from May 1, 1919.
Here example. September 3, 1919 "liquidation" Front NKYU in a letter to the presidium of the Moscow City Council has supported the demand of workers of the Moscow post office to close the chapel St. Basil of Caesarea. "8 Department notes that still offends the sense of revolutionary citizens ugly chapel with the royal inscriptions, placed directly against a House of Soviets, where until now the sale of candles and a variety of spiritual subjects, which gives the influx amounts to religious organizations contrary to the decree of 23 January (Decree on the separation of church and state. - IK). Meanwhile, this chapel, with appropriate minor alterations, could serve as excellent kiosk for the sale of revolutionary literature ... "(GARF F.130.Op.1.D.208.L.17.). Replacement is very indicative and characteristic. Thus instructed not simply close the chapel to arrange it in a warehouse, and pragmatic use of this closure for propaganda purposes.
In relation to the Orthodox clergy politics of Bolshevik power was not directed at its total extermination, like trying to convince the society the author fakes. Documents show that in the late 1910's - early 1920's. no less important than repression, was attached to the tactics of division within the church to destroy its canonical structures. To do this, there is a group loyal to the government of the clergy, who are manipulated. These tasks are performed by Cheka-OGPU-NKVD, which would be absolutely impossible if the task before them was "widespread" destruction of the clergy. Known as the letter Lenin to Molotov on 19 March 1922 was due precisely to the plan of using the situation for hunger strike against the Church as an ideological enemy.
So, even aside from the archive and clerical details, "Direction of Lenin on May 1, 1919" does not fit into the real picture of 1918-1923.
Statutory acts by which the new regime is actually realized persecution of the Church, persecution and restrictions on the rights of believers, are well known in historiography, and we briefly enumerate them: Decree on the separation of church and state and school from the Church on January 20, 1918, depriving the church property rights and legal entity in May 1918 - the creation of "liquidation" of the People's Commissariat; People's Commissariat of Instruction dated 30 August 1918, wearing a frankly discriminatory character, since it deprived the Church human missionary, charitable, cultural and educational activities; Resolution Politburo (B) "On measures to strengthen anti-religious work" on January 24, 1929 Decision of the Politburo from 28 February 1929 to amend articles of the Constitution of the RSFSR, which deprives religious right "religious propaganda", while maintaining freedom of the atheistic propaganda (passed and the Stalinist USSR Constitution of 1936); Resolution Central Executive Committee and the CPC of the RSFSR "On Religious Associations of 8 April 1929, followed the instructions to him; Resolution CEC and the CPC of the USSR" On the fight against counter-revolutionary elements in the governing bodies of religious organizations "on February 11, 1930, etc.
should be noted that none of the above anti-clerical acts of de jure, was not repealed by Stalin, even during his so-called liberal course of 1943-1953. and in the Regulations of the Council for Russian Orthodox Church authorized by the Board on the ground by February 5, 1944 played most of the measures Resolution on Religious Associations "on April 8, 1929
should not be Whether from the above that contained in various publications the text "Notes" Lenin is a gross historical falsification, composed specially for the In order to reinforce a another fake, showing an imaginary disposition of Stalin to the Church and the Orthodox faithful, "even before the war?
turns out, that the same is a forgery and so-called Stalin's "Resolution of the Politburo of the CPSU (b) on November 11, 1939, interpreting the abolition of the nonexistent" document. " Naturally, there are also credible evidence spuriousness "liberal" Stalinist Document 1939
All protocols of the Politburo of the RCP (b) - VKP (b) for the years 1919-1952. (And the original and copies) are stored in RGASPI (f.17, op.3, 163) and is now available to researchers. Declassified and materials for the meetings of the Special Folders Politburo for all these years (f.17, op.162), which were postponed ruling Politburo in various secret matters. During the November 11, 1939 decision of the Politburo did were. However, religious issues are not related. Non-generalized protocols for meetings of the Politburo assigned in order of priority after the next Party Congress, and accordingly, the election of the new Politburo. Generalized protocol Politburo (b) on November 10 - December 10, 1939, and includes solutions on November 11, 1939, appears in the game at number nine. (RGASPI.F. 17. Op.3.D.1016.) And in a published "Resolution" from the protocol of the Politburo was listed number eighty eight! This proves that the forgers had never worked in the archives, they did not give trouble to read even with the serial numbers of protocols of the Politburo. The figure was taken from the ceiling.
In most publications, "Ordinance" forgers put classified as "special files". There is a special folder and to the solutions Politburo of the CPSU (b) 11 November 1939, it declassified, is stored in the archive. However, questions of religion and there have not been considered. On this day, classified as "special folders" addressed the issue "to increase the size and material security guards of the NKVD," the revision of guard duty, "and the question of the Commission Defense (RGASPI F.17.Op.162.D.26.L.107, 108.).
course, classified as "special folder" was posed by counterfeiters to create the appearance of particular importance, the secrecy of the published their sensational "document."
Note that for the entire 1939, the Politburo did not review any church or religious issues (including and for special folders). We list and other circumstances, evidence of spuriousness "document" on November 11, 1939
Negative feedback on the availability of this "Document" was given in their official letters of the Central Archive of the Russian FSB, which stores the documents of the NKVD, the Russian president and Archives, which houses the foundation of the Politburo CC (except for the protocols to the Politburo meeting passed in RGASPI).
in the history of the party-state practice has never been cases of vowel or cancel Lenin's secret documents. In the Soviet Union - from the mid 1920's. to the "perestroika" - firmly there was a cult of personality of Lenin, which is officially adhere to all party and government workers (regardless of their sincerity). If the Leninist line on some issues of auditing, as in the case of liquidation of the NEP and the transition to complete collectivization, it does so gradually, under the guise of mandatory relevant quotations from Lenin, demonstration of loyalty to Lenin's ideas and attitudes. Even in the most secret papers lacked Lenin's criticism of, any condemnation of its actions or documents it was absolutely impossible for managers at all levels - from Stalin to ordinary employee of the District Committee of the party.
In the party-state documents Lenin never called "Comrade Ulyanov (Lenin). Accepted forms of reference only to "Comrade Lenin, VI Lenin.
There was no no mass amnesty for prisoners on church affairs or in November-December 1939, neither in 1940 nor in 1941, ostensibly in response to "Resolution of the Politburo on 11 November 1939, can be easily verified by analyzing the electronic database of the persecution of believers on the site of the Orthodox St. Tikhon Humanitarian University for many years purposefully collecting information on the repression священноцерковнослужителей and laity in church affairs during the Soviet era. Reducing the amount of persecution The so-called Beria Amnesty spring-summer 1939-related bug "Yezhov kinks," the policy of "Great Terror" and not in the slightest measure were not associated with a change in church policy. In the Central Archives of the Russian FSB does not contain any documents showing Mass amnesty for Ecclesiastical Affairs of November 1939
Thus, the "Help" Beria on 22 December 1939 in the name of Stalin on the Alleged release in November and December, tens of thousands of affected people in church affairs, and about the alleged impending massive revision of the tens of thousands of other similar cases, too fake.
Contrary to the false theses about the "liberal turn" Stalin to the Church and the faithful in 1939 and the abolition of persecution, 1940-1942. marked by new brutal repression of Ecclesiastical Affairs. The volume of persecution was significantly lower than in 1937-1938., But they were not stopped the persecution. NKVD and Stalin's Justice continued en masse to fabricate falsified case against the clergy and laity, that would be quite impossible, if acted Stalinist "document" the termination persecution, such a "Resolution of the Politburo on 11 November 1939. According to authoritative statistics, the researcher persecution of the Church, the Orthodox teaching St. Tikhon Humanitarian University NE Emelyanov, in 1939-1940. happened to 1100 executions a year of Ecclesiastical Affairs, in 1941-1942. - Thousands more were executed. According to the governmental Commission for the rehabilitation of victims of political repression, but in 1940, has been arrested 5,100 clergy shot 1100, in 1941, arrested 4000, shot in 1900. And only since 1943 (as a result of a real turning public policy), the number of repression dramatically reduced.
continued and fabrication "Group" of church affairs. For example, in 1940-1941. NKVD in Arkhangelsk revealed "counter-revolutionary monarchical church organization" shiepiskopa Peter (Fedoskino) in 1942 in Moscow, a group composed a "matter of spiritual daughters of Archimandrite Seraphim (Klimkova) in 1942 found the" anti-Soviet church organization in Kotlas, etc.
Anna V. Balashov from the Tambov region after the closure of the church hosted the home of former choristers of the choir, participated in the commission treb at home. Arrested on the denunciation of the villagers in September 1941 and sentenced to death, replaced by 10 years imprisonment, sent to the camp. Maria Andreyevna Krieger was arrested in August 1940, accused of "anti-Soviet propaganda among the believers," the sentence - 7 years in the camps. Cleric Geacintov Gregory F. convicted in October 1941 to five years in labor camp under Article 58-10. And such "cases" - many thousands.
It turns out that there is no "liberal" turn church-state rate in 1939 was not.
must also admit that there were no solutions, and the Politburo of the September 12, 1933, against the destruction of temples and churches, as "monuments of ancient Russian architecture." In the minutes of the Politburo of the CPSU (b) for 1933 such a decision absent. Mass destruction Churches and temples are actively continued after 1933, including in Moscow. So, in 1935, was destroyed by a five-domed Church of St. Moscow. Martyr Nikita in the Old Tolmachi, and in 1936 at the Red Square was destroyed by the Kazan Cathedral, built with the participation of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Etc.
It should be noted that the Institute Russian History sent a number of eminent advocates of so-called document requests on the sources of their sensational investigations. However, responses most of them had been received.
So, as a result of our study were obtained reliable evidence that all of the above published materials on the history of church-state relations in 1919 and in 1939 are forgeries, crudely fabricated by unknown political provocateurs at the end of 1990. and broadcast in the media some believe in their authenticity politicians and publicists. The writing of these papers needed to achieve clear political objectives - the formation and implementation in the public consciousness of the myth of Stalin's disposition towards the Church and the Orthodox religion before the war, creating positive images of "Orthodox" Stalin and the "patriotic" of the Stalinist leadership. Accordingly, all subjects in the historiography and in textbooks (version of a radical change in the state-church year before the war already was a part of a series of high school subjects textbooks and reading books on national history of the twentieth century. recommended by the Russian Ministry of Education), we must admit is not true.
Igor Kurland,
senior fellow at the Institute of Russian History, Ph.D.
November 26, 2007
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