Vibration In Right Foot

First Results Census


The media appeared first results of the census in St. Petersburg. Here's a quote:

Preliminary results of National Population Census in St. Petersburg, which was attended by almost 99% of St. Petersburg - 4,6 million people, showed that in a city inhabited by 300 thousand more than expected Statistics Service, reported in the press service of Smolny ( here ).

They are joking, or being bullied? Participation of 99% is impossible even in theory! And considering that Many openly sabotaged this census (just read what they write themselves census), we can assume that actually took part in it no more than 50% of the population city. Authorities once again lopuhnulis with his "reporting". Figure of 70-80% and then would look more real ...

How To Keep Squirrels Out Of Pecan Trees

American Film Festival for the first time comes to Peter.

AMFEST
October 28 - November 1
Home Cinema
Karavannaja, 12


Amfest set himself a difficult task: to show the Russian public to the best movies, which for various reasons in our country is not shown or go unnoticed.

As a result, American cinema is associated with Russian viewers exclusively with the Hollywood blockbusters that either do not reflect everyday American life, or make it quite poorly.

The mission of the American Film Festival - to create a better understanding of the cinematic image of America than the standard set, which invited audience of multiplexes.

festival opens a pair of films - producer project of David Lynch. This, in general, all told, in addition, that one of these projects expected unpredictable, and the second - predictably expect.

« Observation » - the first in 15 years of film Jennifer Lynch, daughter David and relish the author's black comedy "Elena in the box." Her new film is even more absurd to bed; by genre is a game of cat and mouse involving vicious psychopaths in the best traditions dad and with his actors (Bill Pullman, Julia Ormond, Grace Zabriskie).

« My son, what have you done? »- co-production Two geniuses, Lynch-the producer and Herzog, director; filmed on a knee modern paraphrase eshilovskoy "Oresteia" with inspirational Michael Shannon the role of the classical hertsogovskogo madman. Herzog is able to shoot inside America like no other. From a pathological attention to domestic syuru and passion to the strange Americana, which often are not able to feel the directors, who were born and raised in the "land of the free and brave the monastery."

Next a couple of films combined figures of their creators - the young Texan producer Adam Donaghy and veteran New York actor Steve Buscemi school. Cinema "Lone Star State" has long been awash in euphoria permanent renaissance. To "AMFEST" You can see two of the most impressive producer Portfolio 30-year Donaghy - romantic and domestic sketches in the tradition of mumblcore « Audrey disaster » Frank Ross and existentially fantastic parabola Clay Layforda « Earthling ». In the center of the first film - the perennial question "to be or not to be the love of two no outstanding obitataley large City, arranged directorial vers libre Ross and sounded delightfully meandering jazz soundtrack by John Medeski (the trio Medeski, Martin & Wood, and a musician on the last album "AuktYon and Leonid Fedorov).

At snack moviegoers are invited piercing benefit Ellen Barkin as an actress, tied to the profession and in crisis of identity against the backdrop of brooding black and white and sad loufay-folk (« horseradish year » Cam Archer)

cherry on the cake AMFEST - rockumentary about the Canadian tour of The White Stripes summer of 2007 «The White Stripes in the northern lights." Duo Jack and Meg Whites now almost impossible meet in one room, not something that the venue - Jack for a long time ago and was carried away by their optional project The Raconteurs, and The Dead Weather. But now to see The White Stripes on the scene, you can go to the movies.

Zakroetsya festival of documentary stop - an unexpected critical social research Adrian Grenier « Teenagers paparazzo ». Grenier - the star of one of the most popular American television series "Entourage." His character - a smart kid every evening, overlooking the streets of Hollywood to hunt for movie stars. Ingeniously decided to turn a standard standoff star / paparazzi (Victim / Hunter "), Grenier fell on the tail of his pursuer and became a chronicler of the exploits young fighter tabloid front. In the orbit of adventure odd couple gradually drawn into an impressive list of residents of Beverly Hills, the highest echelon, headed by Paris Hilton, Matt Damon and Alec Baldwin which, together with a selective staff of sociologists and cultural commentators, and try to move the film to unravel the mystery of social and psychological conditioning phenomenon of the creation of an idol and voluptuous spying for him.

festival schedule and complete information on the films can be found at www.amfest.ru

Text: Leonid Alexander

Seniorweek Houses Ocean City Ms

American Film Festival next week will include a presentation, "Tallinn 2011" in St. Petersburg

In 2011, Tallinn will be European Capital of Culture - is the biggest cultural event of international scale in the history of Estonia. The program will include more than 200 events, which share a common theme - "Maritime history".

We want to tell you about the most interesting projects residents of St. Petersburg. presentation will take place on 29 October in Theatre Festival "Baltic House" (St. Petersburg, Alexander Park, 4) at 15.00.

all present greeted by the Mayor of Tallinn Edgar Savisaar and board member of the Commons "Tallinn 2011" Jaanus Mutli. About the cultural capital of Europe 2011 tell Jaanus Rohumaa, Head of Programme Unit Fund "Tallinn 2011". The presentation will present the projects: Days Dovlatov in Tallinn, KVN (KVN) Festival of Audiovisual Arts Plektrum, International Triennale of youth creativity Eksperimenta!. The plans for the coming year will tell: Center for Russian Culture Maritime Museum, the Art Museum KUMU, Russian Theater, Film "Dark Night", a project of the Stalker », Eesti Konsert Jõhvi and Ballet Festival.

Guests be able to see "live" robot project MIM Goes Sustainable & Invalid Robot Factory (FIN). Responsible for creating the mood singer Iris and DJ festival Plektrum.

At 18.00 guests can visit a concert "The law of conservation of the song" on a small stage, "Baltic House", which will be a modern interpretation of creativity Veljo Tormis performed by Eva Mitreykinoy, Jaan Pehka, Sander Saarmetsa and 3 Pead. Visual design creates Tencu.

Please, if you want to take part in the presentation concert and register before 22 October at olga.grigorjeva @ tallinn2011.ee

Mother Stomach Flu Blog January 19, 2010

Revolutionary Movement and Spiritual Schools Russia in the late XIX - early XXvv. Part III

socio-political activity of theological schools in 1905-1917.
religious schools and the first Russian Revolution 1905-1907.


Since the beginning of 1905 the center obscheseminarskoy organization instead of Kazan, is Vladimir, where the appeal was sent, which Seminary campaigned for filing petitions obscheseminarskoy opening access to all higher education institutions. In the case of sympathetic responses at least, of the 25 seminaries, it was assumed in the summer of 1905 in Nizhny Novgorod to arrange a seminar delegates to the Congress an overall petition. [1]
January 9 1905 events took place, marking the beginning of a revolution in Russia in 1905-1907. Headed by the priest Georgy Gapon a march of workers to emperor for filing the petition. In fact, it was a provocation, because the organizers knew that the emperor is not in the capital, and in the petition have been made political demands Convocation Constituent assembly, freedom of speech, press and labor unions. Sam G. Gapon probably did not know about the inclusion in the text of the petition at the insistence of the Social-Democrats political demands. [2] Government troops met the procession weapons-shots. This day is known as Bloody Sunday and served as cause of strikes, demonstrations and strikes that swept in January and February across the country, both among workers and among students.
Appeal of Vladimir seminarians and the general revolutionary mood caused in many seminaries, a new upsurge of unrest and turmoil.
In February, there have been unprecedented excitement in Vitebsk, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ekaterinoslavskaya and Caucasian religious schools. Riots have acquired unprecedented proportions. It should be noted that students spiritual and educational institutions are almost always followed at the forefront of student performances. Thus, the performance of students of the Minsk Seminary, was the beginning of unrest at other institutions in Minsk. [3]
In March - April riots were observed among the inmates of Tambov, Olonets, Archangel (axed 40 people) and Lithuania (disbanded until the fall) of the seminary. [4] Again, in all the speeches obscheseminarskoy felt the influence of the organization.
"Requirements for students this time focused mostly on issues of procedure, - writes PN Zyryanov. - The students protested against the accepted in the spiritual and educational institutions barrack regime, demanded elimination of the hated administrators, improved sanitation and nutrition. "[5] Speeches were not yet clearly defined political character.
summer of 1905 was supposed to arrange a three Congresses pupils spiritual education: two county and one obscheseminarsky. First planned in Vladimir, Saratov, and the last - in Nizhny Novgorod. The congress was held only in Vladimir, from 16 to June 19 (with the participation of representatives from nine seminaries), but the regulations have general significance. [6]
to district centers treated and Chernihiv, who sent out leaflets in nearby seminary. However, there was already a strong political element: there were calls to the struggle for political freedom. [7]
"Action Programme for the autumn 1905 outlines in this form. It was decided in each workshop, modeled on the general petition filed by the monotonous petition the local authorities for transmittal to Synod, and then went on strike to meet these requirements, "writes Professor B. Titlinov. [8] The new tactic supposed to refrain from all riot and act unitedly.
publication of the Interim Rules "on the management of higher education department of the Ministry of the People Education "from 27 August 1905 served as a call to start the movement for autonomy in the higher spiritual schools. November 26, 1905 were issued provisional rules on the management academies. And in the future academic movement does not involve the revolutionary nature and does not go beyond academic requirements. [9]
strip autumn unrest opened Kharkiv seminary, by filing a petition and went on strike for 18 September. Soon became agitated Poltava, Penza, Chernigov, Voronezh, Tambov. Further seminars riots acquired spontaneity.
form of seminar presentations was monotonous. Pupils quietly in the presence of the entire corporation, usually in seminar room, handed his bosses the petition and declared the strike to respond to their demands. As a rule, the seminary after that closed, so that by the end of October, classes have already ended in 43 seminaries. [10]
difference between the performances of the seminaries was only in the fact that some of these students found more enthusiasm political movement than others. In the Yaroslavl Seminary sang revolutionary songs, went to political rallies pronounced political speech. In Ryazan, seminarians participate in a political rally even made a special resentment of the Black Hundreds. In Stavropol seminarians acted in contact with a committee of the Social-Democratic Labour Party. In Orenburg, seminarians, not content with general petitions, carried a special political a resolution which stated that "fundamental reform of the school is only possible with a complete change of social and political order in Russia." Conventional slogans students these workshops are: "Down with the tsarist regime," "Down with autocracy." [11]
in many seminars at the beginning or middle of November 1905 boss has tried to resume classes. But nothing could not do, as the revolutionary spirit was growing stronger. In the Kaluga seminary students are constantly sang revolutionary songs and even went to church with the singing of La Marseillaise. And on Nov. 20 over the building of the seminary, was thrown out the red flag on which was written: "Down with autocracy - long live freedom." Seminary had to re-dissolve. [12]
similar pattern was observed in Kostroma, Chisinau, Olonets and Vitebsk Seminary. As a result, few seminaries training process continues until the Christmas holidays.
However, it should be noted that had some seminary students who did not succumb to propaganda of the revolutionary elements. So the Metropolitan Eulogy (St George) writes that in Chelm Seminary crowd agitators met "a decisive rebuff. Seminarians shouting "Zhydivsky hangers!" Spat out of the windows at the protesters. Seminary was in the spirit of the "right" ... and has identified an example of devotion to the existing state order. "[13] Unfortunately, such a reaction was only an exception.
"At this stage the student movement of the majority of seminarians went beyond the purely academic requirements do not interfere in the political struggle and preserves the "nonpartisan" position. This provides unity of action in the fight for reform of the education system and mass demonstrations. All pupils Tobolsk Seminary have put their signatures on a petition on 15 October and only 15 people refused to join the strike. "[14]
Political Activity observed not only at pupils spiritual institutions, but also among the parish clergy. "The inevitability of reform - wrote SL Firsov, - witness and does not stop the growth of the "left" sentiment among the population that had previously never showed his opposition to the monarchy, for example, among the Orthodox clergy. It is significant that in 1905 at the home of an influential and respected St. Petersburg clergyman, the rector of the Kazan Cathedral Fr Philosopher Ornatsky, it was supposed to discuss an alliance of priests, which was supposed to enter the All-Russian Union of Unions. And since of the Union of Unions ... was to convene a Constituent Assembly elected by universal, direct, equal and secret ballot, the participation in it would look like an open performance against the existing system. "[15]
agrarian movement is captured and rural clergy. It is known that a priest of the village Old Lisky N. Sts the fall of 1905 opened the evening in a room church school gathering of peasants, "which inspired the idea of" Farmers Union "and called for the seizure of the landed land and the expulsion of the landowners of estates. "[16] Similar appeals were priests, A. Golikov Kashirsky county and G. Kutuzov of Smolensk province, and in Voronezh the province of a few priests belonged to the "All-Russian Peasant Union." [17]
October 1905 saw the publication of the imperial manifesto "On the improvement of public order." After October ecclesiastical authorities made concessions: announced the preparation of the reform of church schools. Seminarians was allowed to hold meetings without control inspections, create clubs, participate in staffing of libraries, etc. Drastic measures changes were not conducted, and minor concessions failed to appease seminary youth. [18] Even the imperial positive resolution of 10 December on the report Minister of Education for permission to access the seminarians in the universities [19] failed to stop a wave of strikes.
spiritual youth in the new, 1906, decided to strike again, and there is increasing unrest and turmoil. Until now, seminar presentations, at least in appearance, took place under the slogan school requirements. Since 1906, seminary movement shifted into a revolutionary party and becoming more and more connected with the activities of socialist parties.
From Orel Seminary, reported that the students sing the Marseillaise, sabotage the prayer, "Save me, O Lord, Thy people." January 18 Grade 5 students shot portraits king and queen, passing in the last 4 class, where his mutilated thrown into the corridor. Further developments continued only grow. January 24 should have been funeral took place the pupil grade 4 Monastyreva, an active participant in seminars disorder. Pupils were asked to move his body in the seminary church. Governor is not allowed, and seminarians staged a demonstration directly to the grave. "Again the lies and hypocrisy - said teacher Vadkovsky - blood taken manifesto of October 17 - freedom of speech, freedom of association, the inviolability of the person - where are they now? False and flattering government found here a new and despicable trait - it has shown contemptible cowardice, prohibiting transfer the body of our dear friend to his home school ... All this violence will not impunity: there is a supreme, divine court, the divine truth will prevail! .. "sung several times revolutionary funeral march:" You fell a victim in the fight against the fatal, "the seminarians to the sounds of the Marseillaise and cries of" Long live the revolution! "went back to the seminary. [20]
12-13 February in place of Vladimir Second Congress of the seminarians, which brought together representatives from 18 seminaries, although invited by 31. In contrast to the first Congress, the new requirement is no longer confined school reform. Stating that the free school is only possible in a free state, the delegates expressed their support for liberation movements in the country. "Only the destruction of this state regime will enable us to give full and complete development of our intellectual and moral forces" - Mentioned in the report. [21] Congress wanted to join the seminary in the overall union organizing in each local committee.
As already mentioned, the students actively participated in political life. In addition to rallies and strikes, revolutionary speeches and appeals, there was also a form such as a service to a requiem for the dead or executed political figures. On the occasion of execution on March 6 the head of the revolt on the cruiser Ochakov Lieutenant P. Schmidt, students of St. Petersburg Academy in its walls served requiem. [22] Like in Don seminary students went on strike and demanded to serve a requiem for what the authorities did not agree. Then students sang "Eternal Memory" and the revolutionary funeral march. "[23] After receiving the news of the executions P. Schmidt, Vladimir's Seminary students staged a rally, inviting his party, and after the singing of "You fell a victim" went to the city demonstration. [24]
spring 1906 riots occurred in many seminaries. And some, resuming classes after the Christmas holidays, were forced to close them again before the end of the school year.
difficult situation for entire spring has been in the Penza Seminary. "In late April, it came to the fence device - writes B. Titlinov - because of which the stones were met seminary superiors. April 24 a group of seminarians Penza with red flags and singing revolutionary songs came out of seminary and defiantly went to Gentry street, where it was dispersed by police. During the search, produced in the Penza seminary after the passing of seminarians in the seminary building was found explosives agents, missiles, illegal literature. The investigation established the guilt of seminarians in throwing explosive projectiles on Easter night at seminary yard, April 11 - in front of police headquarters and 13 of April - on the cathedral square. "[25]
Some seminary (St. Petersburg, Pskov, Samara and Kazan) staged political May Day strike. 2 May 1906 graduate of the Tambov seminary class I Griboyedov Vladimir made an attempt on the Rector Archimandrite Theodore (Pozdeevsky) by shooting him with a revolver. Rector, fortunately, survived, but the pupils were singing the Marseillaise and showed dissatisfaction unsuccessful attempt. Only a few students reacted negatively to the crime and a thanksgiving service at the parish church, not daring to make it into the seminary church. [26]
Autumn 1906 was fairly quiet, compared with what awaited spiritual superiors and the police after the regulations the third congress of the seminary.
Congress was held in the walls of the Moscow Theological Academy in Sergiev Posad, although originally planned to conduct Moscow, December 25-27 during the Christmas holidays. [27] Representatives of 13 workshops [28], although they were invited from 50. In the sessions of the congress was attended by as representatives of the Moscow organization of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and the Party of Social Revolutionaries. [29] It was suggested presence of representatives of extremist parties and the next Congress. At work and decisions of the congress should be more detail.
"recognize the work of Vladimir's Office is not enough - wrote Sokolov - Congress heard reports from the field, came to the conclusion that the political development of seminarians for recently expanded in many seminaries were the educational and political circles, and in some there are political organizations, numbering in their ranks than a dozen members. "[30]
Members of Congress have decided to establish obscheseminarsky Union, whose goal was to" professional fighting on the ground of academic requirements, but with the accession to the Convention and the political struggle, since "freedom of academic life \u0026lt;...> impossible without guaranteed freedoms - of speech, press, assembly and conscience for all citizens of Russia. "[31]
That's what was the program of the seminary Union:" 1) seminary alliance with general political discourse, should go hand in hand with the Socialist Party, and 2) any attempt to Black Hundred agitation on the part of clergy by or on behalf of the Union should meet sharply reasoned protest, 3) Union should contribute strongly socialist parties at their work within the walls of seminaries (organization circles, libraries, lectures, meetings, distribute literature, etc.). For the alleged church council Congress adopted the following resolution: "Whereas, first, that the real improvement of school life are not possible under the existing autocratic system, and secondly, that the church council, convened on the initiative of the bureaucracy and government, will comprise the majority of the \u0026lt;...> zhandarmstvuyuschih priests and monks and all the Black Hundreds, and thirdly, it was disgraceful that petition and request for such a cathedral, and expect it to improve school life - absurd - All-Russian Congress of seminarians decided to ignore the church council, but to deepen the awareness and to campaign among fellow malosoznatelnyh Congress recognizes the desirability of protests in various forms to demonstrate in front of the cathedral (his attitude towards it - YF). "[32]
was agreed central committee arranged in Vyatka, from which was to liaise with local organizations established in every seminary, who had joined the union.
Minutes of the congress were sent to all seminar with the following appeal: "The free school in a free country! Comrades! Greetings to you from the nationwide seminary Congress. Congress concluded that long and tedious work, which has long waged seminarians to deal with a lifeless school regime. At the congress became clear impossibility under the current school procedures and therefore require persistent struggle ... Sure, pathetic minions of the autocratic police regime will try to extinguish a spark thrown, then let's blow it, and when will kindle a flame, then all darkspawn fly in abyss of death. "[33]
Even sharper was an appeal to vospitannitsam diocesan schools:" In this hot moment experienced by our country, the revolutionary people in the face of the factory proletariat and peasantry, has entered into a decisive and final struggle with the king's autocratic regime ... Now пришло время срезать этот злокачественный нарост – царское самодержавие – с больного организма. Это и взял на себя революционный народ. Товарищи! Отживший operation launched their dirty paws in the school, in our lives ... Obliging the representatives of the regime watch over us at every step, \u0026lt;...> their dirty hands climb in our souls, in our "holy of holies" and they have taken from us living science and replaced them with substitutes in the form of God's Law, etc. If such traces \u0026lt;...> care henchmen tsarist regime, it is in our interests, comrades, to defend the violated rights, clean up the school from the dirt accumulated in it due to the reign of the school representatives of the moribund autocracy, and at the same time to start fighting for a free school. "[34]
to the call of the Central Committee to join the All-Russian obscheseminarskogo Union responded to 36 seminaries. In some of them to the organization joined the majority of pupils. The most numerous were local committees in Vyatka (327 people), Smolensk (112), Novgorod (100), Moscow and Thule (60). [35]
"Seminars movement is closely mingled with the general flow of democratic movement - writes PN Zyryanov. - Participation in it is for seminarians only the first stage of political development. From this place, and some provincial plaque obscheseminarskogo Union: the most numerous and active of his organization were in small towns far from major centers. Where political awareness has increased, where they finally made their choice to join either the Social Democrats, or to the SRs, there are activities obscheseminarskogo Union had no success. This was the case in Yaroslavl. "[36]
Also among the seminarians were set up in Odessa mugs Social Democrats and SR, but they soon shifted their activities outside the walls of the seminary. Failed to involve union seminary and seminarians Petersburg, divided between "progressives" (liberals), SRs, anarchists and social democrats. [37]
In early 1907 a manifestation of revolutionary sentiment continued to grow. Во многих семинариях стали издаваться студенческие журналы революционного направления. В Полтавской семинарии – "Рассвет", в Саратовской – "Семинарист", in Tver - Student Sheet "on the front page is one of the rooms was an article," calling for revolution and talking about the inevitability revolutionary rebellion. "[38]
In Tobolsk the seminary in December 1906 the supporters of the political speeches began to publish the magazine" On the topic of life. " "The analysis in the journal of materials allows us to conclude that most grouped around him," politicians "sympathized with the socialist parties - the Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries ... Typical in this respect, article "25 December" that appeared in the second issue of the journal in early 1907. Rejecting any priorities than class, since its author has expressed his attitude toward "netrudyaschimsya" groups in Russia: "I hate them to the depths of my soul, I am ready to insane joy in his heart to cut them to pieces. I unaccountably happy when someone of them will break the bomb, I'm ready "smash their babies on a rock" to of them left and spirit. "[39]
Despite the fact that the majority of Congress (9 vs. 6) is not approved the proposal to carry out terrorist acts against objectionable to the members of the inspection, but under the influence of the proclamations at the seminary, a wave of riots, assassinations and murders.
great excitement in the April-May 1907 occurred in the Moscow seminary. In the seminary garden on May 8 in the hollow of lime, an explosion occurred raznesshy it into small chips, and on May 9 explosion occurred already in the oven for the school Corps. [40]
claims and petitions from students in a number of seminaries turned to extremist acts ¬ interaction. In Chernihiv seminary shooting was wounded officer, and the Rector committed a failed assassination attempt, in Tiflis - Inspector MA Dobronravov shot, and in Penza - rector, Archimandrite Nikolai (Eagles) was killed by three shots from a revolver; [41] in the Tambov successor to Bishop Theodore (Pozdeevsky) Archimandrite. Simeon (Kholmogorov) 7 April 1907 around 9 o'clock shot seminarian was crippled for life - he smote the spine by a bullet, [42] and in the face of the rector of the Kharkiv Seminary Fr John was throw out the Sign sulfuric acid. [43]
Shortly activity obscheseminarskogo Committee in Vyatka became known as the police, and spiritual authorities, but no hurry take urgent measures to eliminate it. In April 1907, Orlovsky Bishop Seraphim (Chichagov) wrote to the retired chief prosecutor Prince Shirinsky-Shikhmatov the following letter: "We hit the Synod and the Education Committee with respect to the seminary in Vyatka, where nest revolution and throw leaflets from All of the seminary. Do not you know? .. Requires extra secret searches of all the seminary in Vyatka ... In St. Petersburg, apparently, obstruction of cerebral circulation. Ministers Octo not see or want to see anything. "[44]
While the central authorities did nothing, took place the elimination of the local committees: on the night April 1, Novocherkassk seminary and the seminary in the Tomsk committee announced a voluntary dissolution by the struggle with his activities of Bishop Makarios. [45]
After news of the impending strike obscheseminarskoy spiritual authorities decided to destroy the central committee. Seminary in Vyatka was sent Auditor DI Tikhomirov, who is no evidence of the existence of the central committee could not be found. But after his departure the following events occurred. In Great On Saturday, during the reading of the Apostle, the clergy pereoblachali altar and saw beneath him a bundle of papers that proved archive of the Central Committee. [46]
However, developments in Vyatka continued to evolve: on Easter a few seminary students came to that shot in the bedrooms of the icon, one split on wood chips for heating furnaces, and the rest thrown into the water closet. [47]
On the night of 8 to 9 May, police had carried out the elimination of the central committee: the arrest 10 seminarians, 2 guards and 2 religious school facilitator. The arrests dealt a serious blow to the activities obscheseminarskogo Union.
Interim Management assumed the Tambov seminary, but it is due to the weakening previous exclusions of pupils, unable to coordinate the actions of local комитетов.
Центральный комитет до своей ликвидации успел разослать призыв к бойкоту переводных экзаменов, и, по данным П.Н. Зырянова, "в той или иной степени boycott raised nine seminaries in 10 riots took place. "[48]
Spiritual Authority tried to prevent and disrupt the four seminary congress, scheduled in the summer of 1907 was decided to arrange it in Tambov, but due to strict control over the activities of its members, Congress has not taken place. [49] Despite the repression, numerous exceptions and arrests, some local activists have tried to recreate obscheseminarsky Union.
"for political action to account students were involved in a number of seminaries: Kazan, Odessa, Voronezh, Ufa, Vyatka, Kursk, Saratov, Don, Volyn, Tambov, Annunciation, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Penza, Tula, and some others, [50] indicating that the political activity of students.
Yet seminary movement went into decline. There were several reasons. Firstly, the changes in the electoral law of June 3, 1907, marked the end of the revolution that led to general decline in social activity. Secondly, the "police repression put into a crisis situation all parties of socialist orientation ... Bursting communication between central authorities and local organizations, many of which have ceased to exist. "[51] Thus, stopped campaigning, political influence and work with students outside.
Thirdly, there has been some improvements and changes in the educational and training process. Consequently, demands of the majority of students were satisfied. Exclusion from the seminary, the most active participants in illegal clubs and committees, the output the remaining space on the secular school, and party activities - finally weakened the link the spiritual and educational institutions with the revolutionary movement and the socialist parties.

________________________________________
[1] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 90.
[2] Fedorov AV Gaponov / Orthodox Encyclopedia. - M., 2005. - T. X. - S. 412-414.
[3] Titlinov B. Young and Revolution. - S. 91. And in Vitebsk seminarians were in the forefront of youth.
[4] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 92, 94.
[5] Zyryanov PN Orthodox Church in the fight with the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 83.
[6] S. Golubtsov Moscow Theological Academy in the revolutionary era. - Moscow: Martis, 1999. - S. 5-6. Items regulations have not yet leaving the academic framework, but there was demand for the abolition of compulsory worship attendance.
[7] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 95.
[8] Titlinov B. Young people and the revolution. - S. 96.
[9] On this issue there are a number of literature: Golubtsov S. Moscow Theological Academy in the revolutionary era. - Moscow: Martis, 1999. - 256., Tarasova VA Higher Theological School in Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. History of the Imperial Orthodox Theological Academy. - Moscow: The new chronograph 2005. - 568. etc. In 1908, the audit took place on the theological academies, in which "found ... too many "secular spirit" and the church of liberalism, the decline of discipline. As a result of this audit, the partial autonomy granted to the academies in 1906, was canceled. " Tsypin V., Fr. History of the Russian Orthodox Church. Synodal and the new period. - Moscow: Education Committee, 2004. - S. 322.
[10] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 97.
[11] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 97. Smolensk seminarians sent out an appeal of the Social-Revolutionaries. Irkutsk Seminary has put forward a resolution to join the political general strike to demand Constituent Assembly and the overthrow of the autocracy. Seminary in Krasnoyarsk, was involved in Krasnoyarsk uprising that led to the temporary seizure of power revolutionaries, and such evidence could still lead.
[12] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 98.
[13] Eulogy (St George), Met. My way Life: Memoirs of Metropolitan Eulogy (George), as set out in his stories, TT Manokhin. - Moscow: Moscow Worker, 1994. - S. 151.
[14] Religion and the Church in Siberia: Collection of scientific articles and documentaries. - Tyumen: B. &. - 1993. - Issue 6 .- S. 16-21.
[15] SL Firsov, Russian Orthodox Church on the eve of change (the end of 1890, till 1918.). - M.: Spiritual Library, 2002. - S. 183-184.
[16] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 105.
[17] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the fight against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 106-107.
[18], Kharkov seminarians gathered in January, immediately went on strike, claiming they cheated, since no changes did not happen.
[19] Church Herald. - 1906. - № 12. - S. 785.
[20] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 100-101.
[21] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 195.
[22] Tarasov VA Higher Theological School in Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. History of the Imperial Orthodox Theological Academy. - MM: The new chronograph, 2005. - S. 282.
[23] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 101.
[24] S. Golubtsov Moscow Theological Academy in the revolutionary era. - Moscow: Martis, 1999. - C. 6.
[25] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 103.
[26] Tambov Seminary during the first Russian revolution. - Http://grad-kirsanov.ru/author.php?id=seminary
[27] S. Golubtsov Moscow Theological Academy of the revolutionary era. - Moscow: Martis, 1999. - S. 6-7.
[28] Vifanskoy, Vladimir, Vyatka, Don, Chisinau, Moscow, Novgorod, Penza, Pskov, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula and Yaroslavl, and from Kiev and Samara seminaries were sent to punish.
[29] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve sheet seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - C. 232.
[30] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 232.
[31] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 107.
[32] Titlinov B. Young and Revolution. - S. 108-109.
[33] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 234.
[34] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 109-110.
[35] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 196.
[36] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 196.
[37] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 197.
[38] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 111.
[39] Religion and the Church in Siberia: Collection of scientific articles and documentaries materials. Issue 6. Tyumen, 1993. S. 16-21.
[40] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 237.
[41] Dvorzhansky AI History of the Diocese of Penza. Historical essay. - Penza, 1999. - S. 218.
[42] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 235, 241.
[43] G. Kolyvanov Theological Seminary in Russia in 1880 - 1920gg. - S. 121.
[44] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 197.
[45] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 197.
[46] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 238.
[47] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 238.
[48] Zyryanov PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 199.
[49] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 116.
[50] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 117.
[51] History of Russia. XX Century / AN Bohanov, M. Gorina, VP Dmitrienko and others - M.: AST, 2000. - S. 78.

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Revolutionary Movement and the Theological School of Russia in the late XIX - early XXvv. Part II

Activities obscheseminarskoy organization (1899-1905 years.)

end 90-ies. seminary movement did not get organized. The first news of the existence of a secret organization mezhseminarskoy received spiritual superiors in the first half of 1899
This spring, in March and April, there were riots in Kazan and the Pskov Seminary, which caused the suspension occupations. In Kazan seminary reason was dissatisfaction with the table and the terms of seminary life, and in the Pskov students abandoned classes, required remove Inspector Lebedev and the return of expelled seminarians. May 1, students participated in the city strike. [1] The nature of the disturbances in these workshops drew the attention of Church authorities to its unusual unity and perseverance. As it turned out, in the seminary environment have been formed underground organization, inspired by the revolutionary circles. They called themselves "a group of seminarians, fighters for human rights" and "temporary organization by the seminarians.
On behalf of the central committee, which is located in Kazan, the seminary sent out an appeal, calling on students to strike with the future (1899 - 1900) academic year to support university students in their demands and to achieve for seminarians right to enroll in universities at the end of four general education classes. [2]
Even earlier, in early 1899, riots broke out in the secular universities of the country. February 8, 1899 the day the university holiday excitement occurred at St. Petersburg University and began a student movement throughout the Russian Empire. At a solemn act was booed Rector article. [3] It should be noted that in the first period of the student movement joined the 252 pupil St. Petersburg Theological Academy. [4]
Spring unrest in 1899 in some seminaries and were the first manifestation of the new obscheseminarskoy organization. However, at first, its influence was limited and spread slowly. There was no well-defined program of action. Initial tactic was to initiate and maintain a fermentation in the seminaries. Planned at every opportunity to cause riots under the slogan of the local school, the most close to the heart of seminarians.
Autumn response seminary movement manifested itself only in one Ekaterinoslavskaya Seminary, which in November had a strong unrest against the inspector Monastyreva. Pupils were thrown into the bosses lamps, benches, buckets and pieces of cast-iron staircase. To pacify the seminary superiors had to call the police, which hardly took the building. The seminary has been closed before the end of the school year. [5]
in embryonic form was seminary movement, and in 1900 In March 1900 students Tauris seminary was destroyed dining room. In September, Tomsk seminarians organized a demonstration against the inspectors, in October - Archangel, in November - Tula. [6]
In December of 1900 - occurred Unrest in the Tiflis seminary who wore political hue: students required to make the national seminary of the Georgian establishment. In these aspirations tiflistsev supports students Kutaisi Seminary.
In 1901, activities mezhseminarskoy organization has produced tangible results. Agitation among seminarians developed, communication between the seminaries have become livelier than in many seminaries were organized cells that take up the challenge to maintain and to disseminate the idea of fighting for "the common cause." In the spring of 1901, during the student protests, and began mass seminar presentations. In March, were marked serious unrest in the seven seminaries. One of the first strike Tula seminary, and after her immediately - Kaluga. Both acted in concert. On adorned the walls of the seminary, the inscription: "Brothers! Support Tula, "" stand up for freedom! ", There were calls:" To arms! "," Down with the monarchy, but Long live the republic! "[7] It should be noted that at this particular time in the Tula seminary trained Vladimir Troitsky, the future archbishop and the viceroy Verey Candlemas Monastery. [8]
Soon unrest took place in Orel, and several other seminaries. Noise, whistling, banging windows, frames, lamps, demolition of furnaces, doors, furniture, sound of shots from revolvers were accompanied by all the excitement in the spiritual and educational institutions. Where seldom is able to do "as a family." Arriving to quell unrest police students met with bricks, stones, sticks. Many of the seminary had to disband for many months.
spring of 1901 city authorities managed to intercept Orel Seminary hodivshee among seminarians appeal obscheseminarskoy organization calling to seek to expand general education courses, access to universities and changes in the whole teaching and educational system.
By the spring of 1901 a wave of seminars movements penetrated and outskirts of the empire. In late February - early March, was organized a strike in the Irkutsk seminary. Came to support students of Tomsk State University (in mostly former seminarians). In March riots occurred on the western outskirts of Vilna seminary. As it became known, the excitement was caused by rumors about student unrest and disorder in other seminaries. [9]
the summer of 1901 obscheseminarskaya organization supposed to arrange all-Russian congress seminar delegates. The fact that the congress was held, no doubt, but probably not in Kazan, as originally planned.
Since the autumn of a new wave of seminars disorders. In November - December, there was excitement in Yaroslavl, Vologda, Poltava, Stavropol, Tobolsk, Perm (all students were dismissed) and Don Seminary. In the latest unrest was the reason for the appeal of students of the Moscow Theological Academy. [10]
In December 1901 the authorities became aware of the existence of Kazan secret seminary center. Were open and some members, who according to the results produced by the search were found proclamations and Literature anti-government content. But these measures failed to destroy the committee.
main reasons for seminar presentations the panel called the impact for young people of the revolutionary agitators, which attracted students by the usual methods of the revolutionary game, forming local and central committees, gathering sessions.
By 1901 obscheseminarskaya organization has reached widespread and significant successes. It should be noted is the tendency: the influence of the organizing committee of the unrest in seminaries played a central role. And this influence can be traced in almost all the speeches, although at first glance, riots occurred in local causes, and the seminarians themselves to make demands of this nature: to remove a member of the inspection, to improve the educational process. However, as has been shown to put forward political demands. Increased cohesion of the seminaries that actively manages correspondence, circulated appeal. Information about disturbances in a seminary were the cause of appearances in others.
Central Committee was held constant agitation. In October 1901 in Tambov, came a young man as an agent of the "central organizing board of the seminaries' - fast. Before that, he toured a number of seminars (Simbirsk Samara, Penza, etc.), which based the secret cup. From Tambov, he went to Voronezh, Kursk, Kharkov, Ekaterinoslavl, Odessa. Purpose of the trip was Consolidation of seminaries and preparing for filing petitions to the total.
Founded in Tambov seminary council started the library has acquired hectograph. Was adjusted correspondence with Kazan Council, were sent from proclamations, letters and instructions. For secrecy was designed by a certain code. Main leader was Peter Belsky, who had a wide popularity among all students in Tambov.
activities of the local council was not fruitless: the end of January - Beginning of February in the Tambov seminary massive violent unrest erupted. [11]
In February 1902 very anxious Penza seminary. As it turned out, in the agitation participated already Tambov seminarians, distributing letters and appeals committee. [12]
That same month, students Simbirsk Seminary made two gunpowder explosion in the building of the school. Authorities managed to stop in time trouble. Soon there were disturbances in Podolsk, Poltava and Tver seminary, and in April - in the Vyatka Seminary. And everywhere they felt the activities and influence of the central committee.
Here is one of the proclamations of the central Committee: "Comrades! Hour has come! For you hundreds of destitute divinity student, the arbitrariness of people broken, maimed. For you about your own rights in the mud downtrodden of the seminary administration ... Where is the end to this? End in the minds of your strength and power. End your love for freedom ..."[ 13]
This appeal does not remain unheeded. Unrest in the Odessa Seminary in October-November 1902 was the sharp forms: beaten by an inspector, the rector, destroyed the room. Seminary could not close Only police forces. It was found that the agitation carried people from Kazan. In November, there were riots in Kutaisi, Vladimir's Seminary. [14]
Increasingly in seminar presentations becomes apparent revolutionary painting. During the September unrest Tomsk seminary students sang a few revolutionary songs and shouting: "Down with autocracy!". [15]
In November 1903 agitated Katerynoslav seminary. Police were called, searched and found the socialist anti-government publications and manuscripts. In November, there have been fermented in Ryazan, Krasnoyarsk and Tiflis seminary. The latest riots were clearly political in nature. [16]
in February, for political propaganda strike Annunciation Seminary. Was found by a portfolio filled with papers signed by the political content: "Social-Democratic Party," "Party of Socialist Revolutionaries," "League students, exiles in Siberia, "" League of the Revolutionary Committee of students in Kiev. " Were also found rates of underground newspaper "Revolutionary Russia" and "Free Word. "[17]
At the end of 1903 in the city of Kutaisi treatment appeared in the Georgian language on behalf of Kutaisi seminar of the Social-Democratic groups, calling for to fight for the abolition of the autocracy. "We have all the powers to use to destroy the monarchy ... but we must join fellow Social Democrats Kutaisi ". "Down with the autocratic government! Long live the democratic republic! Down with the bourgeoisie! Long live the combined total of the Social-Democracy! "
27 February 1904 began the Russian-Japanese War. On February 3, many students of 3 junior seminary Kutaisi left in the streets, and along with the crowd shouted: "Long live Japan! Yes, Russia will perish! "[18]
In October 1904 riots occurred in Tobolsk, and in November - in the Volyn region, Saratov and Kaluga seminaries, and, in the latter two led to the dissolution of the pupils.
course, not all the facts of unrest and demonstrations students spiritual and academic institutions. However, the evidence presented is sufficient to trace the spread of the influence of the organizing committee to see what seminars statements become part of a social movement, more and more leveled. "As is evident from all these facts, more and more stable politically depth was done seminary movement. More obvious it became that school requirements were merely a cover for political liberation struggle, in which young people drawn into its spiritual leaders, "- says Professor Petersburg Theological Academy B. Titlinov. [19]
________________________________________
[1] Participation seminary students in celebration of May Day began much earlier. For example, the first in May 1895. were timed demonstrations and riots in Kharkiv Seminary.
[2] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 67.
[3] The student movement of 1899. Collection edited by A. and B. Chertkov. / / Free Speech. - 1900. - № 29. - S. 5-7.
[4] The student movement of 1899. Collection edited by A. and B. Chertkov. / / Free Speech. - 1900. - № 29. - S. 28.
[5] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 67.
[6] Titlinov B. Young people and the revolution. - S. 69.
[7] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 71.
[8] Hilarion (Troitsky), Arch. Creations: MV 3 t. - M.: Candlemas Monastery, 2004. - T. 1: 2004. - S. 9.
[9] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 73.
[10] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 75. Proclamations that are sent from the MDA, has no time to be used as a pretext to unrest in the seminaries. Thus, under the influence of such proclamations MDA strong disturbances occurred in Simbirsk Seminary in February - March 1902.
[11] Titlinov B. Young people and the revolution. - S. 77-78.
[12] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 79.
[13] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 81.
[14] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 82.
[15] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 84.
[16] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 85.
[17] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 86.
[18] Titlinov B. Young и революция. – С. 87-88.
[19] Титлинов Б. В. Молодежь и революция. – С. 89.

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Revolutionary Movement and the Theological School of Russia in the late XIX - early XXvv.

 Юрий Филиппов
Революционное движение и Духовные Школы России в конце XIX – начале XXvv.
students of theological schools in the liberal-democratic movement
(80-90-ies in xix.)

Parts 6-8
Source: http://www.pravoslavie.ru/put/060412104900.htm
http://www.religare.ru/2_28676.html

spiritual Students Schools in the liberal-democratic movement
(80-90-ies in xix.)
After the reform of religious education in 1884 increased interest of students and political revolutionary ideas. If previously self-education circles only occasionally been a hotbed of anti-government views - all depended on hobbies an organizer or leader - that in this period, the clubs have not only illegal, but the hostile nature of the government. Nearly always, the presence of illegal student circle indicating an enthusiasm for a number of inmates revolutionary views.
Number students involved in political activity, is significantly increased. Increasingly, students are radical publications, leaflets, brochures, or hectograph - simple printing press - for their reproduction. [1] 21 October 1884 in an apartment Voronezh seminarian Yakovlev was searched, and found anti-government leaflets and press copy. Proclamation was addressed to the workers: "Workers! In St. Petersburg on October 10 was a martyr crown by hanging two Socialist Revolutionaries. Russian Tsar feeds on the blood of our friends ..."[ 2]
seminarians spoke with political exiles, participated in raising funds to support the hiding gosprestupnikov. [3] 1 February the Police Department notified the spiritual superiors that "the night of 15 January in Yekaterynoslav was discovered gathering of 52 persons, mostly of young students gathered in a private apartment, apparently with anti-government objectives, since some of those present were found hectographed sheets for donations to political exiles, the revolutionary publications, charged guns and poison. Arrested and pupils of the local seminary Paul Ilchenko and George Moshakovsky. "[4]
Many students found to have a revolutionary propaganda, and passed for political affairs, and sent into exile. So, in 1884, the political case was tried on a link in Western Siberia, under the supervision Police, student Permian seminary A. Lyubimov. [5]
the reign of Alexander III - a time when "underground developed political protest, there were illegal organizations. Local Tula revolutionary youths recruited from students and hunted for seminarians. Leader of the socialist movement was the secretary of the consistory B. Initially, the youth is going to innocent literary evenings on Saturdays, before the evening service. Read reports on Dostoevsky, on Pushkin ... published a magazine, the boys were writing poetry. No one in the head could not come at the head of the Social Circle-revolutionary organization. "[6] The authorities have covered circle. In the seminary was searched, some seminarians (Pyatnitsky Spekuleva, Lublin, Nadezhda, Korsun, N. Ignatiev and Govorov) were expelled. One student, Eugene Piatnitski, suicide [7].
of his "entry" into a revolutionary circle remembered and Metropolitan Veniamin (Fedchenkov).
"With me, still a beardless boy, for some reason suddenly I met a pupil of the penultimate, the fifth grade Yakhontov, and the fourth - Kudryavtsev. Us first-graders, it's very flattering that senior greet us by the hand ... They both began to "develop" me: talking to the "smart" theme, walked around garden or hallway, then they started giving me the book, which was not in a seminary student, a fairly rich library in which I was appointed one of his assistants библиотекаря. Первой такой книгой был "Фауст" Гете...
После Гете мне предложили Л. Толстого "Война и мир". Толстой у нас считался запрещенным для чтения, as well as Dostoyevsky, and all the latest writers. At the same time to read forbidden books was considered almost revolutionary offense, and therefore much more important than fighting, drinking, etc. ...
behind a thick, gradually going into the revolutionary spirit, send writers populists, struck me as shallow, then we will, Of course, Belinsky, Pisarev, Dobrolyubov (Chernyshevsky "What?" and can not read!), "Biology" Timiryazev. Some collections of political and economic articles made of thick logs: "Russian Wealth", "Russian idea" is, of course, Gorky, Andreyev, and others, and finally, a certificate of political maturity - "History of Civilization" Buckle seemed to me to write interesting. Well, of course, "The Origin of Species" Darwin ... By the way, I heard about it, but not read even in a religious school ... Before Marx and Engels, I could not walk, but photos of them from a friend watched with little emotion.
What happened?
Gradually, after two-year process I volunteer my trusting educators solemnly declared: "We have an underground library!" And it recruited only reliable members of the ... God, how I wanted to qualify to get there ... Strange desire: raised in a pious conservatism, I wanted to be "underground worker." Such is the strength of the forbidden fruit sweetness, with the addition of a vain desire to be something special, not like the others, worthy.
turns out that the underground organization of the schools was not one seminary, and in high school, and, moreover, was set quite sensibly: the first students in each class and offices (the first was three of them) arrived in the processing of the senior members of the underground, and yet they did not enter into a "sanctuary." This was the case with me.
We recruited candidates were in addition to his own upbringing to show more loyalty to podpolschine spread of the same literature among its class. It did, and I. As it turns out has a whole network of propaganda ... After two years of training I finally solemnly declared: I was elected to membership in the ... What a triumph! And I, a beardless, been invited as an equal at the regular meeting of the whole library ... President, a very intelligent, 18-19-year-old boy, the first disciple of the fifth grade, Shatsky ... opens him with his fiery speech against the government ... O horror! Where am I, a humble boy sissy, I? .. And it all up, thickens ... And suddenly, Shatsky offers at least nothing more than to commit terrorist acts, and the first regicide ...
I froze ... Go to sleep with me all the celebration, and I wanted to run away ... I sat there until the end, silence. Was there any solution that does not remember. Only since then, my revolutionary fervor immediately dropped to zero. There were even meetings in private homes ..."[ 8]
The memory of Metropolitan Benjamin is a description of the typical method of operation of an illegal organization to recruit new members among inmates spiritual and educational institutions. First, the older "shake hands" with the younger, then offered to honor the innocent literature, then the degree of illegality increased, going to the revolutionary writings. When the ward was ready, it included members of the secret organization. Typically, only a new member learned about the true purpose of an illegal circle. But not many dare to leave it (as did Metropolitan Benjamin) and became distributors Revolutionary literature, agitators among juniors.
In March 1884 riots took place in Vladimir's Seminary. Students were dismissed Tikhonravov K., Vinogradov, K. favorably Shcheglov and NA Erleksov. [9]
In 1884, a manifestation of the revolutionary movement is also noted in the Theological Academy.
Student Petersburg Theological Academy, Kondraty Schensnovich, said that the academy published a handwritten journal of social and political direction. And during the trip home he read written by him and his three companions to the students of the Moscow Theological Academy, a letter in sharp terms condemned conduct academic leadership. [10]
In early March 1884 the students of the Kiev Theological Academy P. Dashkevich, A. Szelecki and I. Vasiliev were made two gendarmes search. Dashkevich was arrested "because of the established relations with prominent revolutionary figures, and in the occupied by them in the academy premises found criminal publication date and a note on it with the revolutionary party. The apartment Dashkevich sheltering two persons, one of whom was arrested today, admitted his membership in a terrorist faction of the revolutionary community, and the other, which has had during the arrest an armed resistance, kept he has his own suitcase. "[11] Pobedonostsev immediately ordered the strengthening of student discipline at the academy for the students in Kiev, said the demonstration. In April, also in the building of the Kiev Theological Academy, under the stairs was found a whole bunch of revolutionary publications.
In May, the police department did Pobedonostsev new view that the Kiev Theological Academy, due to its lack of any order and discipline and anti-government direction Some of the governors of the people thereof, and teachers, to become educated in its breeding grounds of harmful ideas ... A sad consequence of this was that referred Academy was the place to visit and concealment of serious politicians and storage of written documents emanating from members of the executive Revolutionary Committee. "[12] As it turned out, the anti-government direction have been implicated Professor I. Malyshevsky, I. Olesnitsky, A. childbirth and Associate Professors N. Tumasov and Golubev.
Not only professor at the Academy, but also teachers of seminaries and colleges addicted to revolutionary ideas. According to the recollections of students Penza Seminary Studentsovyh brothers, Alex Lukic Horsetail, a teacher, "Basic Theology", sympathized with and helped a revolutionary seminarians. "In the seminary dorm - recalls V. Studentsov - koim headed AL Horsetail, is in a class library is illegal in closets ... Horsetail knew about such, but \u0026lt;...> from him we were not expecting the attacks ... Carefully AL even supplied and replenished (it - YF) illegal literature from their own libraries, in which the books were revolutionary content. "[13] Book of the revolutionary socialist content were freely available in Innokentievskoy library beneath the cathedral city of Penza and contained on the money of the clergy. And revolutionary publications were available not only during the area in the library AL horsetail, but when Fr. Pobedimskaya. Lessons from the "Basic Theology" horsetail "have been transformed into its opposite - a source of atheism in the source an evolutionary materialist worldview. "[14]
In March 1891 a student of Tomsk State University, VI Neklepaev, was charged that during the teaching in Yaroslavl Seminary spoke with one important revolutionary figure, who lived illegally in Yaroslavl. [15]
Completing seminary and becoming a teacher, students did not leave his passion revolutionary ideas. In August 1885 in Simbirsk was arrested for possession of a revolutionary literature teacher God's law Malinowski, who graduated from a course of Ufa Seminary. [16]
Revolutionary Movement seized the spiritual is so young that the political unreliability In some families, the priests became just a generic quality. It is no coincidence spiritual superiors constantly make inquiries about relatives seminarians caught in political affairs. In February 1887 the bishop of Smolensk Pobedonostsev wrote: "The family priest, Diocese of Smolensk, the village Luzhkov Viazemsky County, Makarevsky brought several villains, or villains. One of his sons Alex, 23 years old - already an important state criminal, wanted for a long time abroad and in Russia and has only recently captured. Another, Paul, a disciple of the Smolensk Seminary caught with Krapuhinym and last year was excluded. Must have very strict supervision of the seminary. The investigation into the cause of the explosion in Mogilev showed that its main perpetrators of the former seminarians of Smolensk, illegible adopted under the auspices of the rector of St. Sergius, and consisted in dealing with the seminarians of Smolensk. "[17] In the same 1887 in Kostroma, for political unreliability of the 7 th grade girls' school was excluded priest's daughter Yaroslavl diocese Iraida Andreyevna Sestrentsevich that suits gatherings in homes Votnikovskoy Sokolova, and widow. Her younger brother Michael, who had studied in the Yaroslavl seminary, the local authorities are also certified as a "man of unreliable in political terms. "[18]
In the Saratov diocese of the revolutionary reputation has a family priest S. Chumaevskogo. His daughter, Pelagia in the years 1886-1887. was listed in dealing with revolutionaries. Son, Alexei, in November 1882 for participating in student unrest was excluded from the Yaroslavl Lyceum and deported to their homeland. But the matter has not ended. In August 1886 he was arrested and held in a number of other 27 persons to inquiry on charges of belonging to the circle, detected in Yaroslavl. [19]
In 1886, the revolutionary mood of spiritual youth gave the terrorist outbreak in Tiflis. On May 24, half of the 11 th morning expelled in March from Tiflis seminary student in the apartment Lagiev Rector gave him a dagger in the belly a mortal wound. The reason was the persecution and elimination of the rector, Archpriest Chudetskim socialist direction of some pupils. Court decision Lagiev was exiled for twenty years of hard labor. [20]
Autumn 1886 was marked by mass unrest in two seminaries. In September - violent concern Don Seminary. In November - Mogilev seminary students staged a explosion in an apartment inspector Ziorova. Was separated oven, smashed windows, ripped off the door. [21]
In October 1886 Gendarme Administration of Chernigov province conducted investigation on charges of state crime seminary students VF Baptidanova and PI Gerasimenko, which were found printed brochure Gromada, writing Dragomanov, [22] The Ukrainian Party of Socialists, hand-written articles about the problems of the revolutionary party, etc. In finding Gerasimenko letter pointed to the existence among students of Chernihiv Seminary secret circle. Its members gather twice a week apartment seminarian Fialkovskii. Found in Baptidanova brochure Ukrainian Socialist Party and an explanation thereto, contain a statement of ideals of the party: 1) in the field of economic life - socialism 2) in the area of social life - the equality of 3) in the field of political life - anarchy, autonomy and federalism 4) in the field of ethnicity and culture - complete freedom of national culture. Gerasimenko, which belonged to the Social Democratic Party, was engaged posting leaflets in different languages, received illegal literature from London. [23]
"Since the 90-ies. in the country has become noticeable to grow the movement of the Social-Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats, pulled out in the form of strikes, strikes, petitions and demonstrations. Among the participants in this movement in addition to the workers, university students, modern schools and grammar schools were graduates of theological seminaries and academies, "- says VA Tarasov. [24] Indeed, students of the spiritual and educational institutions actively involved in the activities of organizations of the socialist direction.
In 1889, the seminary student Tobolsk gas was captured in underground publications in Tomsk, where he went to university. According to the results of inquiry it was found that the seminary in 1884 with a secret library and the student's circle of self-development which was attended by political exiles. First, it included works Dobrolyubova Reshetnikov, and then were included and prohibited the publication: "Labor organization" - Louis Blanc, "Socialism Utopian and Scientific - F. Engels," The program for the workers "- Karl Marx," Underground Russia " - Stepniak, et al [25]
In early 1890 the spiritual authorities received notification from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of trouble in the Kazan Theological Academy and Penza Theological Seminary. By note of the Police Department, at the Kazan Theological Academy student Porphyry Mironosizkaya published a secret student Journal of Dreams ", two numbers which have already emerged in December and January. In January, he changed his name and became known as "Progress." In Penza, where Porphyry enrolled in the academy, were make inquiries, and learned that "students Penza seminaries opportunity to get to read revolutionary Publication: "The Bell", "Polar Star", etc. Under the influence of reading such works of the young people learned the bad direction. "[26]
In 1890, the existence of Secret clubs were opened in Moscow, Samara, Yaroslavl, Ufa and Tver seminaries. Tverskaya seminary in general enjoyed a notorious reputation. Pupils coming from it at the Theological Academy, have made them the mood of discontent, is a distributor of revolutionary books and organizers irregular circles. Pobedonostsev wrote to the bishop of Tver, that "all theological academies Tver students earned a reputation as a disadvantageous and few of them found in the cases and consequences of political nature. "[27]
spring of 1891 emerged the political affairs in two academies - St. Petersburg and Kazan.
In March 1891 the authorities found the Metropolitan Academy of revolutionary publications students Kanavin A. (Seminary of Riga), A. Tabor, and N. Transfiguration (From Tver) and S. Borkovsky (from Minsk). Investigation revealed that the academy since 1888-89 years. there was a secret circle of socialist self-direction, set itself the aim of cultural influence on people. In library circles have been found "Underground Russia (Stepniak)," Historical Letters "(P. Lavrov) "The Executive Committee of the Emperor Alexander III", "Communist Manifesto" and the like [28] In Kazan, a similar phenomenon.
1893 was rich in performances of students of theological seminaries. Riots took place in Smolensk, Moscow, Mogilev, Chernigov and Tiflis seminary. [29] In Tiflis Seminary riots took place in early December 1893 on the basis of the influence of political advocacy. Pupils demanded dismissal of certain officials of the inspection and teachers, the introduction of the Georgian language and Georgian literature courses. It was axed 87 people. [30]
21 June 1893 at an apartment K. Pobedonostsev in Tsarskoe Selo was a student of the Class 5 Pskov Seminary Vladimir Geacintov and rushed at him with a knife. Here's what he wrote, Konstantin Petrovich this evening day of his Imperial Majesty: "Today, in the third hour, I was told that he came to a young man on crutches, calls himself a disciple of Pskov spirit. Seminary and wants to see me on important and confidential case ... I went to the visitor on the stairs, opened the door and began to ask what he want to see me. And he wild voice cried out: "So he" threw his crutches with the noise and rushed at me with his fists, in one fist was in his open knife (small size, which done with the corkscrew). I managed to jump into the room and shut the door, but he still tried to break into it. Former on-site people immediately detained him and handed over to the police ..."[ 31]
May 9, 1895 there was an attempt on Vladimir's Seminary rector, Archimandrite Nikon (Sofia). Apprentice Second Class Selena 's hit him with an ax to the head, but, fortunately, touched only the "outer integument of the head." Discontent about. Nikon seminary mature long. And Selenin was a performer. "Kind of blood ominous signs of impending violence - writes Met. Eulogy (St George), - seminarians hardened: they are brutalized and the next night was almost stabbed with pitchforks Assistant Inspector. "[32] From the seminary was removed 75 people.
"Among the students even circulated leaflets and brochures Geneva Zurich and the anarchists with their stamps. Irritation which prevailed among the students, their dissatisfaction with the new regime, to unsustainably high, thanks to brochures and secret sheets of paper formed and poured into a revolutionary form. When the dreary present and a grim shadow of the future, discontent and temporarily hidden resentment seminarians filled their cup of patience with the edges, then they went over the edge and drowned in the turbulent flow and Nikon and a whole hundred innocent students, "- wrote the author notes. [33]
All disturbances occurring in the seminaries and academies, the bosses do not meet the eradication of the causes of - correction deficiencies in the educational process - but only to strengthen measures. In addition, retired from one seminary, typically come in the other. But here they have made a revolutionary spirit. Dismissed from the Tiflis seminary for participating in riots in December 1893 Ow. Kutshoveli and E. Abesadze arrived in Kiev Seminary, and in March 1896 they had discovered a revolutionary literature. [34]
In 1896 in Kazan, the police revealed the existence of the secret circle - the embryo Future obscheseminarskogo Union. It was organized by student K. Stepnitskim, which was found to have been involved in illegal mug "girls-skilled workers, organized by his sister Agrippina in 1895 in Kazan, and pursue the objectives of propaganda among the workers' ideas, seeking to destroy the foundations of community life. "[35]
----------
1] In March 1885 in Yekaterynoslav was stuck appeal, the author of which was dismissed student seminary Ovcharenko. Apartment Ovcharenko, who lived together with seminarian Pereskumem was found hectograph. Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 47.
[2] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 42-43. Yakovlev was the brother dismissed for taking part in revolutionary activities Georgi Yakovlev. Like his brother, Nicholas was a member of the People's Will. "
[3] In the spring of 1887 in three Yekaterynoslav seminarians participated in fundraising for the benefit of hiding abroad gosprestupnikov. Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 54.
[4] Titlinov B. Young and Revolution. - S. 39.
[5] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 30. In January of 1884. Chernihiv arrested on charges of state crime graduate seminary F. Swiderski. In June of 1885 in Smolensk, on charges of political disloyalty to the inquiry were involved in two seminary Krapuhin and Makarevsky. In 1890, in Perm seminary has been arrested on charges of state crime Zolotavin pupil, and in Kostroma - Basil Turka.
[6] Eulogy (St George), Met. The path of my life: Memoirs of Metropolitan Eulogy (George), as set out in his stories, TT Manokhin. - Moscow: Moscow Worker, 1994. - S. 29.
[7] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 44.
[8] Benjamin (Fedchenkov), Met. At the turn of two epochs. - M.: Rule of Faith, 2004. - S. 127-132.
[9] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 40.
[10] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 44.
[11] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 45.
[12] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 46.
[13] Zimenkov VN Alex Lukic Horsetail / / Penza vremennik lovers of antiquity. - 2004. - Vol. 14. - S. 84.
[14] Zimenkov VN Alex Lukic Horsetail / / Penza vremennik lovers of antiquity. - 2004. - Vol. 14. - S. 85.
[15] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 60.
[16] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 47.
[17] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 56.
[18] Titlinov B. Young people and the revolution. - S. 56.
[19] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 57.
[20] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - P. 49 A similar case of a terrorist occurred in July 1886 in Ozurgeti religious school. Apprentice S. Jorbenadze inflicted a heavy blow to the superintendent with a staff.
[21] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 50.
[22] Dragomanov Mikhail Petrovich - Ukrainian bourgeois liberal, writer, historian, folklorist, social activist. From 1878 he published a collection in Geneva, and then Journal of Gromada in the Ukrainian language, as well as works by Alexander Herzen, Shevchenko, Panas Mirny et al in 1880 first published in pamphlet form letters Belinsky to Gogol.
[23] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 51.
[24] Tarasov VA Higher Theological School in Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. History of the Imperial Orthodox Theological Seminary. - Moscow: The new chronograph, 2005. - S. 280.
[25] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 57-58.
[26] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 58.
[27] Titlinov B. Young and Revolution. - S. 60.
[28] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 61.
[29] Smolich IK History of the Russian Church (1700-1917). - Kn. 8, Part 1. - MA: Holy Transfiguration Valaam Monastery 1996. - S. 472.
[30] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 63.
[31] K. Pobedonostsev and his correspondents: Memoirs. Memoirs: In 2 Vols - Minsk: Harvest, 2003. - T. II: 2003. - S. 534.
[32] Eulogy (St George), Met. The path of my life: Memoirs of Metropolitan Eulogy (George), as set out in his stories, TT Manokhin. - Moscow: Moscow worker, 1994. - S. 71-72.
[33] Of the historical material in an underground library and a secret circle of Vladimir's Seminary / public library movement in Russia XIX and XX centuries. - Kostroma: School of print production. - Issue IV. - 1921. - S. 11.
[34] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 64.
[35] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 65-66.

Kitchen Table Dimensions

spb_today @ 2010-10-14T15: 48:00

recruited for the adult group lessons on acting program of theatrical university. Initially the studio for children, classes are already at the Kirov, and Vasileostrovskiy Petrogradka areas. But! Me as the coordinator of studio already called Several people adults want to do.

Program 1-year course includes the following disciplines: acting, stage movement, stage speech, make-up. It also provides master classes with popular actors and theater, free entry to performances in theaters and student impressions.

each discipline developed a separate training program.

The master classes are coming from Moscow actors. The last time was Nikita Gribanov.

How typed group will make an introductory lesson.
in the Kirov district teaches Svetoslav Kravchenko, on Petrogradka Irina Andreeva, On Vaska Victoria Matveeva.
Record by phone. 8,921,361 in November 1955.
Site www.i-actor.ru

Annabel Chong Married

and again about the Mtsensk

What we know about the heroism Vlasenko?



Vlasenko NICHOLAS Polikarpovich

13:10:2010 city
History feat in Mtsensk Hero Vlasenko Nikolay Polikarpovich well known on the book Makashov AI "At the heart of Russia." In the south-western outskirts of the city, a small landing at the river, were "Катюши", установки реактивных миномётов. Личный состав расчётов их погиб в бою. Взвод Власенко пробился к установкам и расстрелял "Катюши". При выходе from the battle, fighting off chasing the enemy, Vlasenko caused the fire itself. Some sources claim that the NP Vlasenko caused a fire to themselves because of inability to perform the task.
In his book "The Battle of Orel," EE Schekotihin on the basis of the detected them in the archives of the German reports of enemy wrote on Mtsensk: "At the heart of the city captured intact, two batteries," Katyusha "and three anti-aircraft guns." On the next page the book shows a photograph of the captured "safe and sound" of one installation of BM-13-16, the vehicle frame which suspiciously tilted forward. That the whole objective, is an evil in our city, information.
In 1985, when installed the monument in a square tank, my father told me about a wrecked Soviet tanks that have long remained standing after the war, until 1947 they had not been cleaned. One of them was about the first school, the other in front of the former Code of Criminal Procedure (now there's a commercial organization) and the third was in a park Pioneers (now Park of Glory).
So, two tank platoons Vlasenko broke through to the plants. Why, then, sounded the call fire on yourself? The fact is that before the war and in 1941-42-m respectively at the Soviet tanks radios were only commander. This means that to call the fire itself can only with the commander's tank, ie, tank Vlasenko, a study calling the fire inability to fulfill a mission to destroy plants suggests that the tank standing at the first school, and there is a tank Vlasenko.
location of the destroyed tank says that they are grouped along the road and to them, therefore, are not installation, and entrance into the city of the enemy convoy. It was under the Mtsensk become accustomed to the tank crews battle tactics, only now to mask BEFORE in ambush tanks were not used the hills and woodland areas, and city buildings. Supposed to fire and maneuver to cut off the colonies from the river, after which the action ambushes to dismember and destroy it by stopping the enemy, and possibly throw it over a river. In this case, the distance (three miles) was sufficient to volley of mortars. Apparently, that's how it was supposed to act. After the platoon into battle waged listeners adjunct (graduate student in civil terms) Military-Political Academy, the Hero of the Soviet Union, which awarded for bravery and heroism in battle tactically held for assault on three bunkers of the Mannerheim Line by Tank Battalion, whose command he took over .. His task was not shooting facilities, and the defeat of the enemy columns.
Makashov AI, gave in his book a description of the battle for the destruction of facilities, was a bona fide journalist. He carefully collected any evidence to working on the topic. In contradiction with the description of the battle to destroy the installations Makashov AI in the book "At the heart of Russia" quotes from the letter of Lieutenant-General KL Sorokin, Commissioner 1 State Committee: "it myself (Vlasenko - IM) act - to voluntarily go into battle to free his comrades from the environment (emphasis mine - IM) is a feat worthy of a Hero ... "Free from the environment comrades - such was the task for the senior political officer Vlasenko. Superior enemy forces are not given the opportunity to perform this task. Then, to fight off the Germans settle, Vlasenko and caused the fire itself (only for themselves but not by default), hoping artillery fire damage the enemy columns and mortar to give at least some opportunity to break out of encirclement.
The photo in the book Schekotihina shows the battle of the machine BM-13-16. Now we know that by installing a cab driver was 50-tikilogrammovy charge, designed to undermine her. It is also known that there was an order to eliminate the installation by detonating the charge at the threat of capture by the enemy. In the case of Mtsensk, this threat was more than real, the battle with the enemy mortars calculations were not at a distance of five miles (range missiles), and in direct contact. However, considering this situation, we think in terms of 1943, when the plant was a lot of system and their treatment has already been worked out. In 1941, the year that that this "piece of iron" is a formidable weapon known only to those who have seen firsthand its application. For all other secret weapon was a secret.
Finally, we now know that the drawer with the charge to undermine the installation of the experimental machine BM-13-16 (as of Mtsensk), constituting the first battery of Captain Flerov, was not behind the cab, and on the steps of a cabin. When transferring into production, this feature ekcperimentalnoy design was, of course, kept - in fact had a secret weapon and accurately replicated. These installations were completed and formed in August 1941 the first eight divisions of Katyusha rockets, two of which were under the Mtsensk. Now it becomes more understandable story capture "intact" one installation BM-13-16 "Katyusha".
During the break the enemy in the city on streets leading to the crossing, was cut off a group of troops, including installation and rocket mortars. She took the fight. Her aid was sent to smaller group (platoon) Vlasenko. The forces were unequal and the group were killed. However, the mortar had to perform conditions of secrecy - they have undermined the installation. Because of the design features an explosion had destroyed the front part of the cab (hence the picture vehicle frame and leaned forward, although all probably think that because of the nominated jacks), and the warhead was damaged partially. Remains только добавить, что в связи с секретностью сколько-нибудь толковые инструкции и приказ уничтожать установку при угрозе её захвата как приказ (а не пожелание constructors), probably came in 1942, already during the formation of no divisions, regiments and mortar rocket mortars, which became the Guards for the contribution to the defeat of the enemy of their predecessors - the divisions, when the units were already occupied. The basis for these changes (and the organization, and design) is bitter experience of 1941 years. Therefore we can not claim to the soldiers of 1941 - and our city, too. They have until the end of their duty.
author M. Inozemtsev

http://mkrai.org.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=56&Itemid=2

Full Hd Rocky Screen Savers

OF BRITISH SUBMARINES

OF BRITISH SUBMARINES
from bases of the Kola Peninsula in 1941 - 1942.


12 June 1941 the UK government Chiefs of Staff has ordered the country to prepare a military mission, which could be immediately sent to Moscow in the event of an attack in Germany the Soviet Union. June 25, 1941 she had already arrived in Moscow. It was headed by Rear Adm. Miles. One of the objectives of the mission, according to his admiral, was "a coordinated strategy for Russian with our "; with the same goal in London came the Soviet naval mission.

Original Russian asked for support of amphibious assault in the north Petsamo-Kirkenes. It was assumed that while naval forces of Britain will provide maritime protection, delivering troops and protect the air, while he Troopers will consist of Soviet sailors. It was impossible. However, the additional request was more realistic, namely: British forces were to attack the German transports cargo and troops, who provided the Nazis to attack Murmansk.

July 6 Admiralty notified the Chief of the imperial fleet, which should be used every possible means to assist Russia in this area. In particular, he was ordered to deliver air strikes from aircraft carriers in Petsamo and Kirkenes before the end of July. All objections to the fact that the risk is much greater than expected results of operations, were swept away by the Prime Minister.

also planned and a permanent military presence of offensive forces in Britain in the Arctic. They were expected to consist of a strike force consisting of 2 cruisers and 4 destroyers, mine-enhanced three minesweepers. Their logistics had to perform 2 tankers and 2 small cargo transport, which was supposed to be based either near Murmansk, either in the archipelago Svalbard.

success of an attack with an aircraft carrier at Kirkenes and Petsamo day on July 30 depended on surprise attack and accuracy of intelligence about the target. However, surprise, it was impossible to achieve in the daytime, and intelligence could not be obtained in a timely manner. Only luck could justify the inevitable casualties. As a result, in Kirkenes was damaged and sank only one small vessel, and was destroyed by a torpedo pier, while the 20 British torpedo bomber was shot down on 11 and only 1 returned undamaged. Defence Petsamo was weaker, however, and goals have been less. Only one ship was sunk, whereas there were 3 aircraft shot down British naval aviation.

Plans for a surface-based strike force Royal Navy in Murmansk or Svalbard is not implemented. Admiral rear, Bevan, the most energetic leader operation, which was to lead a squadron of cruisers, personally conducted reconnaissance of the two potential base and reported that none of them are not suitable: no Murmansk, because it was poorly protected against attack from the air, or Svalbard, as there was no defense, no facilities.

was the only opportunity for direct participation in Britain in offensive operations in the Arctic. July 20, 1941, with the consent of the Soviet naval mission in London, the Admiralty decided to send two submarines to perform operations against Soviet naval base in the Arctic. July 26 submarine navy of His Majesty the Tigris "out of the Clyde in the Gulf of Kola Peninsula on 1 August was followed by a submarine Trident. They were, according to the agreement to use the facilities of the base in the Arctic. However, it was necessary to establish a coordinating team (group) for the interaction of the coastal forces of the united forces, and so Captain R. N. Bevan (soon he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral) on 30 July sent directly from Scotland to Murmansk and made his senior naval officer in North Russia. He arrived in Murmansk on 30 July. In his small staff included unit communication service (connection), which was due to the obvious organizational reasons and causes of linguistic nature. But since the appointment of captain Bevan implied broader responsibilities than just the operation of submarines, to him Davis joined the commander. Coming from a naval mission in Britain in Moscow to serve as a staff officer of underwater naval forces. By August 3 from the Soviet side had agreed to a small repair submarines at the base of the food supply and placing on the shore teams submarines.

Russian had the Captain and Commander Davis Bivanu warm reception, they attributed it to the local military unit in charge of the squadron of submarines and placed in the same residence.

For better interaction between the submarine forces exchanged intelligence information, some of which was obtained as a result of interception of radio transmissions by the British German naval forces. In fact, the Arctic has become the first real headquarters of the combined forces of the Allies World War II.

British submarine Tigris "arrived in the Arctic on August 4, and the Trident six days later. Command of both boats were welcome meeting of Soviet seas, but the time for acclimatization was very little. In August an agreement was reached that the submarine Tigris "make first short patrol road around the fjord Porsanger, east of North Cape, followed by a raid Trident in the region of Sora in the southwest. August 11 "Tigris" went to the first combat patrol, carried out by naval forces of Britain in the Arctic waters.

Submarine Tigris "came into its zone patrol on August 13 and immediately detect enemy ships. But over the next 3 days it was impossible to attack them as against the backdrop of a calm and smooth sea would be clearly visible once the submarine periscope.

And only by 17 August conditions were appropriate: the visibility deteriorated due to heavy rain, and commander of the Bone was finally able to give battle, which resulted in the submarine forces of the Allies opened the account to the ship, sinking the German ship of 1,480 tons.

During their stay, "Tigris" in the zone patrolled by August 22 it was noticed only one merchant ship, however, become apparent significant activation of anti-submarine forces in Germany.

Submarine Trident out of the Arctic shortly before midnight on Aug. 16 and headed to the area of Sora. August 19 it is the fault of their team missed an enemy cargo ship, but immediately surfaced and led to his firing from guns, while the vessel is a displacement of 4,770 tons is not hidden a cape.

After 2 days the commander of Slender missed the German warship, and later he could not get the shot in a small tanker. Happy August 22 Trident finally was rewarded: she attacked a convoy and hit a cargo ship, firing three torpedoes from a distance of only 600 yards.

Another week passed before he was found another German convoy. With the remaining two torpedoes on the shore commander Slender approached to a distance of 700 yards penetrated the fence Escorts of 2 destroyers and three minesweepers and opened fire on the two largest merchant ships, sinking heavily laden ships "Bahia Laura" and "Don." In response German torpedo boats attacked the "Trident", dropping on her 56 depth charges, but the submarine was only minor damage.

This was undoubtedly the most successful operation of the British submarines. The officers of the Soviet submarine fleet showed great interest in the details raid submarine "Trident" and especially methods of combat used by the naval forces of Great Britain. As a result, a Russian submarine personnel was organized series of lectures on battlefield tactics with the demonstration of techniques. The conductivity Commander Slenderom analysis of the causes of previous failures during a patrol was not as valuable as the exchange of experience on the tactics applied in operations that have yielded success.

in the UK do not know exactly whether it was the result of the said exchange of experience or just a coincidence, but three days later - September 12 - Soviet submarine under the command of Lieutenant-Malysheva torpedoed and sank the Norwegian cargo ship displacement of 1,460 tons of Transforda.

successful and British surface ships. After the evacuation of Russian miners and engineers from Svalborda Admiral Independently introduced into coastal waters 2 cruisers in search of German ships in northern Norway. At dawn on September 7 in very bad weather cruisers met and attacked convoy in the fjord Porsanger. Two merchant ships managed to escape intact, but "Bremse" was rammed and sunk by a British ship "Nigeria."

meeting of active defenses, nor the "Tigris" or "Trident" is no longer sunk a single enemy ship.

German command high commended the British ships in the Arctic. It wrote: "The British are aware of the vital importance of the sea route and the Arctic coast for the supply of German armed forces. They operate in the northern region, having only a few cruisers, torpedo boats, small aircraft carriers and submarines. Our own naval resources are insignificant. Currently, the transports with the troops can not pass to the east of North Cape, transports cargo may only do this with a very big risk. "

Of course, the above exaggerates the threat to the Germans by British naval forces and the degree of their participation in operations in the Arctic, but it probably indicates that the moral significance of a modest contribution to the UK in the fight against a common enemy in the North.

third and last patrol raid "Tigris" from the Arctic was quite unsuccessful, though at the time believed he had sunk a ship. Failure aggravated also the fact that the senior naval officer, a squadron of submarines Northern Fleet Captain Lieutenant Bibiev was on board as an observer.

next campaign "Trident" was postponed due to lack of torpedoes, and when they finally were delivered to the Arctic, it turned out that they represent a mixture of modern and old samples, and they can not release a single gulp.

However, time spent in harbor, not wasted, as the Russian divers were asked to demonstrate the use of artillery tactics submarine to destroy ships. This proved very successful and it was again discussed in lectures for the Soviet sailors.

Submarine Trident published on 30 October and during his last patrol sank the anti- traller and cargo ship of 1,930 tons. Trident returned to Britain on November 15 after a very successful action, during which she sank 4 trading vessel and two escort ships.

to replace the "Tigris" and "Trident submarine came another: November 6 -" Silayen, and November 10 - "Sivulf. "Silayen" went on his first patrol before leaving the Trident. He sank a small coastal tanker of gasoline going to Kirkenes. "Sivulf" found more ships, but his first two attacks failed. November 24 he was lucky: he drowned, "Bahia," a displacement of 4000 tons. However, this was preceded by several unpleasant moments when his shot off course and nearly fell into the very pop-up U-boat, passing by with a noise resembling the sound of a diving bomber. So said the eyewitnesses.

Each of these submarines will be made on one more patrol, during which "Silayen December 5, sank a coaster with a displacement of 680 tons, which has become the latest victim of Britain's submarines, stationed on the Kola Peninsula. Last, tenth, arctic patrol was conducted "Sivulfom" between 5 and 20 December. Weather in the area of this submarine was patrolling the worst in all this time and prevented a single attack that was made.

«Silayen" went to Britain on Dec. 21, followed by 5 January 1942 was followed by "Sivulf. Came to replace the submarine "Stugeron" arrived in the Polar 11 January 1942, but she stayed there for a brief period, since the arrival of the battleship Tirpitz in Trondheim made immediately withdraw the "Stugeron (January 17). Other British submarine, which went into the polar during the Second World War, did so only to refuel fuel. They were part of the escort, defending convoys PQ-17 and PQ-18 on the battleship Tirpitz in July and September 1942

British historian, it is difficult impartially assess the involvement of submarines the Navy of Great Britain in the theater of military operations in the Arctic. Tonnage of ships sunk was, of course, is very small compared with the results of German submarines in the North Atlantic, where the success of a German U-boats could surpass all successful of British submarines in a night operation against the convoy in 1941, but the conditions were quite different, as the "foundation" of merchant ships from Germany was much less than that of the Allies, and even small cargo vessels used in the Arctic were indispensable, as the German army in the Kola front entirely dependent of cabotage for resupply and military force. It is for this reason, the destruction of every ship sailing to the east is a real tactical victory.

It is hoped that British submarines had fought shoulder-shoulder with Russian as their sole partner in the This section of the Northern Front, played a positive role by participating - albeit briefly - in the heroic defense of the Red Army, a very important area - the Gulf Kola Peninsula. At least they have contributed in an active demonstration of solidarity allies at a critical point in the war with Germany. However, information about the joint struggle against the British and Russian submarines in the north of Russia against the common enemy, which we have, deserve a deeper analysis than this short survey.
David Brown
© D. Brown, 2000
http://arcticwar.pomorsu.ru/sea/nc3/research/braun.html
Authors of the anthology "The northern convoys N3"