Revolutionary Movement and the Theological School of Russia in the late XIX - early XXvv.
Юрий Филиппов
Революционное движение и Духовные Школы России в конце XIX – начале XXvv.
students of theological schools in the liberal-democratic movement
(80-90-ies in xix.)
Parts 6-8
Source: http://www.pravoslavie.ru/put/060412104900.htm
http://www.religare.ru/2_28676.html
spiritual Students Schools in the liberal-democratic movement
(80-90-ies in xix.)
After the reform of religious education in 1884 increased interest of students and political revolutionary ideas. If previously self-education circles only occasionally been a hotbed of anti-government views - all depended on hobbies an organizer or leader - that in this period, the clubs have not only illegal, but the hostile nature of the government. Nearly always, the presence of illegal student circle indicating an enthusiasm for a number of inmates revolutionary views.
Number students involved in political activity, is significantly increased. Increasingly, students are radical publications, leaflets, brochures, or hectograph - simple printing press - for their reproduction. [1] 21 October 1884 in an apartment Voronezh seminarian Yakovlev was searched, and found anti-government leaflets and press copy. Proclamation was addressed to the workers: "Workers! In St. Petersburg on October 10 was a martyr crown by hanging two Socialist Revolutionaries. Russian Tsar feeds on the blood of our friends ..."[ 2]
seminarians spoke with political exiles, participated in raising funds to support the hiding gosprestupnikov. [3] 1 February the Police Department notified the spiritual superiors that "the night of 15 January in Yekaterynoslav was discovered gathering of 52 persons, mostly of young students gathered in a private apartment, apparently with anti-government objectives, since some of those present were found hectographed sheets for donations to political exiles, the revolutionary publications, charged guns and poison. Arrested and pupils of the local seminary Paul Ilchenko and George Moshakovsky. "[4]
Many students found to have a revolutionary propaganda, and passed for political affairs, and sent into exile. So, in 1884, the political case was tried on a link in Western Siberia, under the supervision Police, student Permian seminary A. Lyubimov. [5]
the reign of Alexander III - a time when "underground developed political protest, there were illegal organizations. Local Tula revolutionary youths recruited from students and hunted for seminarians. Leader of the socialist movement was the secretary of the consistory B. Initially, the youth is going to innocent literary evenings on Saturdays, before the evening service. Read reports on Dostoevsky, on Pushkin ... published a magazine, the boys were writing poetry. No one in the head could not come at the head of the Social Circle-revolutionary organization. "[6] The authorities have covered circle. In the seminary was searched, some seminarians (Pyatnitsky Spekuleva, Lublin, Nadezhda, Korsun, N. Ignatiev and Govorov) were expelled. One student, Eugene Piatnitski, suicide [7].
of his "entry" into a revolutionary circle remembered and Metropolitan Veniamin (Fedchenkov).
"With me, still a beardless boy, for some reason suddenly I met a pupil of the penultimate, the fifth grade Yakhontov, and the fourth - Kudryavtsev. Us first-graders, it's very flattering that senior greet us by the hand ... They both began to "develop" me: talking to the "smart" theme, walked around garden or hallway, then they started giving me the book, which was not in a seminary student, a fairly rich library in which I was appointed one of his assistants библиотекаря. Первой такой книгой был "Фауст" Гете...
После Гете мне предложили Л. Толстого "Война и мир". Толстой у нас считался запрещенным для чтения, as well as Dostoyevsky, and all the latest writers. At the same time to read forbidden books was considered almost revolutionary offense, and therefore much more important than fighting, drinking, etc. ...
behind a thick, gradually going into the revolutionary spirit, send writers populists, struck me as shallow, then we will, Of course, Belinsky, Pisarev, Dobrolyubov (Chernyshevsky "What?" and can not read!), "Biology" Timiryazev. Some collections of political and economic articles made of thick logs: "Russian Wealth", "Russian idea" is, of course, Gorky, Andreyev, and others, and finally, a certificate of political maturity - "History of Civilization" Buckle seemed to me to write interesting. Well, of course, "The Origin of Species" Darwin ... By the way, I heard about it, but not read even in a religious school ... Before Marx and Engels, I could not walk, but photos of them from a friend watched with little emotion.
What happened?
Gradually, after two-year process I volunteer my trusting educators solemnly declared: "We have an underground library!" And it recruited only reliable members of the ... God, how I wanted to qualify to get there ... Strange desire: raised in a pious conservatism, I wanted to be "underground worker." Such is the strength of the forbidden fruit sweetness, with the addition of a vain desire to be something special, not like the others, worthy.
turns out that the underground organization of the schools was not one seminary, and in high school, and, moreover, was set quite sensibly: the first students in each class and offices (the first was three of them) arrived in the processing of the senior members of the underground, and yet they did not enter into a "sanctuary." This was the case with me.
We recruited candidates were in addition to his own upbringing to show more loyalty to podpolschine spread of the same literature among its class. It did, and I. As it turns out has a whole network of propaganda ... After two years of training I finally solemnly declared: I was elected to membership in the ... What a triumph! And I, a beardless, been invited as an equal at the regular meeting of the whole library ... President, a very intelligent, 18-19-year-old boy, the first disciple of the fifth grade, Shatsky ... opens him with his fiery speech against the government ... O horror! Where am I, a humble boy sissy, I? .. And it all up, thickens ... And suddenly, Shatsky offers at least nothing more than to commit terrorist acts, and the first regicide ...
I froze ... Go to sleep with me all the celebration, and I wanted to run away ... I sat there until the end, silence. Was there any solution that does not remember. Only since then, my revolutionary fervor immediately dropped to zero. There were even meetings in private homes ..."[ 8]
The memory of Metropolitan Benjamin is a description of the typical method of operation of an illegal organization to recruit new members among inmates spiritual and educational institutions. First, the older "shake hands" with the younger, then offered to honor the innocent literature, then the degree of illegality increased, going to the revolutionary writings. When the ward was ready, it included members of the secret organization. Typically, only a new member learned about the true purpose of an illegal circle. But not many dare to leave it (as did Metropolitan Benjamin) and became distributors Revolutionary literature, agitators among juniors.
In March 1884 riots took place in Vladimir's Seminary. Students were dismissed Tikhonravov K., Vinogradov, K. favorably Shcheglov and NA Erleksov. [9]
In 1884, a manifestation of the revolutionary movement is also noted in the Theological Academy.
Student Petersburg Theological Academy, Kondraty Schensnovich, said that the academy published a handwritten journal of social and political direction. And during the trip home he read written by him and his three companions to the students of the Moscow Theological Academy, a letter in sharp terms condemned conduct academic leadership. [10]
In early March 1884 the students of the Kiev Theological Academy P. Dashkevich, A. Szelecki and I. Vasiliev were made two gendarmes search. Dashkevich was arrested "because of the established relations with prominent revolutionary figures, and in the occupied by them in the academy premises found criminal publication date and a note on it with the revolutionary party. The apartment Dashkevich sheltering two persons, one of whom was arrested today, admitted his membership in a terrorist faction of the revolutionary community, and the other, which has had during the arrest an armed resistance, kept he has his own suitcase. "[11] Pobedonostsev immediately ordered the strengthening of student discipline at the academy for the students in Kiev, said the demonstration. In April, also in the building of the Kiev Theological Academy, under the stairs was found a whole bunch of revolutionary publications.
In May, the police department did Pobedonostsev new view that the Kiev Theological Academy, due to its lack of any order and discipline and anti-government direction Some of the governors of the people thereof, and teachers, to become educated in its breeding grounds of harmful ideas ... A sad consequence of this was that referred Academy was the place to visit and concealment of serious politicians and storage of written documents emanating from members of the executive Revolutionary Committee. "[12] As it turned out, the anti-government direction have been implicated Professor I. Malyshevsky, I. Olesnitsky, A. childbirth and Associate Professors N. Tumasov and Golubev.
Not only professor at the Academy, but also teachers of seminaries and colleges addicted to revolutionary ideas. According to the recollections of students Penza Seminary Studentsovyh brothers, Alex Lukic Horsetail, a teacher, "Basic Theology", sympathized with and helped a revolutionary seminarians. "In the seminary dorm - recalls V. Studentsov - koim headed AL Horsetail, is in a class library is illegal in closets ... Horsetail knew about such, but \u0026lt;...> from him we were not expecting the attacks ... Carefully AL even supplied and replenished (it - YF) illegal literature from their own libraries, in which the books were revolutionary content. "[13] Book of the revolutionary socialist content were freely available in Innokentievskoy library beneath the cathedral city of Penza and contained on the money of the clergy. And revolutionary publications were available not only during the area in the library AL horsetail, but when Fr. Pobedimskaya. Lessons from the "Basic Theology" horsetail "have been transformed into its opposite - a source of atheism in the source an evolutionary materialist worldview. "[14]
In March 1891 a student of Tomsk State University, VI Neklepaev, was charged that during the teaching in Yaroslavl Seminary spoke with one important revolutionary figure, who lived illegally in Yaroslavl. [15]
Completing seminary and becoming a teacher, students did not leave his passion revolutionary ideas. In August 1885 in Simbirsk was arrested for possession of a revolutionary literature teacher God's law Malinowski, who graduated from a course of Ufa Seminary. [16]
Revolutionary Movement seized the spiritual is so young that the political unreliability In some families, the priests became just a generic quality. It is no coincidence spiritual superiors constantly make inquiries about relatives seminarians caught in political affairs. In February 1887 the bishop of Smolensk Pobedonostsev wrote: "The family priest, Diocese of Smolensk, the village Luzhkov Viazemsky County, Makarevsky brought several villains, or villains. One of his sons Alex, 23 years old - already an important state criminal, wanted for a long time abroad and in Russia and has only recently captured. Another, Paul, a disciple of the Smolensk Seminary caught with Krapuhinym and last year was excluded. Must have very strict supervision of the seminary. The investigation into the cause of the explosion in Mogilev showed that its main perpetrators of the former seminarians of Smolensk, illegible adopted under the auspices of the rector of St. Sergius, and consisted in dealing with the seminarians of Smolensk. "[17] In the same 1887 in Kostroma, for political unreliability of the 7 th grade girls' school was excluded priest's daughter Yaroslavl diocese Iraida Andreyevna Sestrentsevich that suits gatherings in homes Votnikovskoy Sokolova, and widow. Her younger brother Michael, who had studied in the Yaroslavl seminary, the local authorities are also certified as a "man of unreliable in political terms. "[18]
In the Saratov diocese of the revolutionary reputation has a family priest S. Chumaevskogo. His daughter, Pelagia in the years 1886-1887. was listed in dealing with revolutionaries. Son, Alexei, in November 1882 for participating in student unrest was excluded from the Yaroslavl Lyceum and deported to their homeland. But the matter has not ended. In August 1886 he was arrested and held in a number of other 27 persons to inquiry on charges of belonging to the circle, detected in Yaroslavl. [19]
In 1886, the revolutionary mood of spiritual youth gave the terrorist outbreak in Tiflis. On May 24, half of the 11 th morning expelled in March from Tiflis seminary student in the apartment Lagiev Rector gave him a dagger in the belly a mortal wound. The reason was the persecution and elimination of the rector, Archpriest Chudetskim socialist direction of some pupils. Court decision Lagiev was exiled for twenty years of hard labor. [20]
Autumn 1886 was marked by mass unrest in two seminaries. In September - violent concern Don Seminary. In November - Mogilev seminary students staged a explosion in an apartment inspector Ziorova. Was separated oven, smashed windows, ripped off the door. [21]
In October 1886 Gendarme Administration of Chernigov province conducted investigation on charges of state crime seminary students VF Baptidanova and PI Gerasimenko, which were found printed brochure Gromada, writing Dragomanov, [22] The Ukrainian Party of Socialists, hand-written articles about the problems of the revolutionary party, etc. In finding Gerasimenko letter pointed to the existence among students of Chernihiv Seminary secret circle. Its members gather twice a week apartment seminarian Fialkovskii. Found in Baptidanova brochure Ukrainian Socialist Party and an explanation thereto, contain a statement of ideals of the party: 1) in the field of economic life - socialism 2) in the area of social life - the equality of 3) in the field of political life - anarchy, autonomy and federalism 4) in the field of ethnicity and culture - complete freedom of national culture. Gerasimenko, which belonged to the Social Democratic Party, was engaged posting leaflets in different languages, received illegal literature from London. [23]
"Since the 90-ies. in the country has become noticeable to grow the movement of the Social-Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats, pulled out in the form of strikes, strikes, petitions and demonstrations. Among the participants in this movement in addition to the workers, university students, modern schools and grammar schools were graduates of theological seminaries and academies, "- says VA Tarasov. [24] Indeed, students of the spiritual and educational institutions actively involved in the activities of organizations of the socialist direction.
In 1889, the seminary student Tobolsk gas was captured in underground publications in Tomsk, where he went to university. According to the results of inquiry it was found that the seminary in 1884 with a secret library and the student's circle of self-development which was attended by political exiles. First, it included works Dobrolyubova Reshetnikov, and then were included and prohibited the publication: "Labor organization" - Louis Blanc, "Socialism Utopian and Scientific - F. Engels," The program for the workers "- Karl Marx," Underground Russia " - Stepniak, et al [25]
In early 1890 the spiritual authorities received notification from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of trouble in the Kazan Theological Academy and Penza Theological Seminary. By note of the Police Department, at the Kazan Theological Academy student Porphyry Mironosizkaya published a secret student Journal of Dreams ", two numbers which have already emerged in December and January. In January, he changed his name and became known as "Progress." In Penza, where Porphyry enrolled in the academy, were make inquiries, and learned that "students Penza seminaries opportunity to get to read revolutionary Publication: "The Bell", "Polar Star", etc. Under the influence of reading such works of the young people learned the bad direction. "[26]
In 1890, the existence of Secret clubs were opened in Moscow, Samara, Yaroslavl, Ufa and Tver seminaries. Tverskaya seminary in general enjoyed a notorious reputation. Pupils coming from it at the Theological Academy, have made them the mood of discontent, is a distributor of revolutionary books and organizers irregular circles. Pobedonostsev wrote to the bishop of Tver, that "all theological academies Tver students earned a reputation as a disadvantageous and few of them found in the cases and consequences of political nature. "[27]
spring of 1891 emerged the political affairs in two academies - St. Petersburg and Kazan.
In March 1891 the authorities found the Metropolitan Academy of revolutionary publications students Kanavin A. (Seminary of Riga), A. Tabor, and N. Transfiguration (From Tver) and S. Borkovsky (from Minsk). Investigation revealed that the academy since 1888-89 years. there was a secret circle of socialist self-direction, set itself the aim of cultural influence on people. In library circles have been found "Underground Russia (Stepniak)," Historical Letters "(P. Lavrov) "The Executive Committee of the Emperor Alexander III", "Communist Manifesto" and the like [28] In Kazan, a similar phenomenon.
1893 was rich in performances of students of theological seminaries. Riots took place in Smolensk, Moscow, Mogilev, Chernigov and Tiflis seminary. [29] In Tiflis Seminary riots took place in early December 1893 on the basis of the influence of political advocacy. Pupils demanded dismissal of certain officials of the inspection and teachers, the introduction of the Georgian language and Georgian literature courses. It was axed 87 people. [30]
21 June 1893 at an apartment K. Pobedonostsev in Tsarskoe Selo was a student of the Class 5 Pskov Seminary Vladimir Geacintov and rushed at him with a knife. Here's what he wrote, Konstantin Petrovich this evening day of his Imperial Majesty: "Today, in the third hour, I was told that he came to a young man on crutches, calls himself a disciple of Pskov spirit. Seminary and wants to see me on important and confidential case ... I went to the visitor on the stairs, opened the door and began to ask what he want to see me. And he wild voice cried out: "So he" threw his crutches with the noise and rushed at me with his fists, in one fist was in his open knife (small size, which done with the corkscrew). I managed to jump into the room and shut the door, but he still tried to break into it. Former on-site people immediately detained him and handed over to the police ..."[ 31]
May 9, 1895 there was an attempt on Vladimir's Seminary rector, Archimandrite Nikon (Sofia). Apprentice Second Class Selena 's hit him with an ax to the head, but, fortunately, touched only the "outer integument of the head." Discontent about. Nikon seminary mature long. And Selenin was a performer. "Kind of blood ominous signs of impending violence - writes Met. Eulogy (St George), - seminarians hardened: they are brutalized and the next night was almost stabbed with pitchforks Assistant Inspector. "[32] From the seminary was removed 75 people.
"Among the students even circulated leaflets and brochures Geneva Zurich and the anarchists with their stamps. Irritation which prevailed among the students, their dissatisfaction with the new regime, to unsustainably high, thanks to brochures and secret sheets of paper formed and poured into a revolutionary form. When the dreary present and a grim shadow of the future, discontent and temporarily hidden resentment seminarians filled their cup of patience with the edges, then they went over the edge and drowned in the turbulent flow and Nikon and a whole hundred innocent students, "- wrote the author notes. [33]
All disturbances occurring in the seminaries and academies, the bosses do not meet the eradication of the causes of - correction deficiencies in the educational process - but only to strengthen measures. In addition, retired from one seminary, typically come in the other. But here they have made a revolutionary spirit. Dismissed from the Tiflis seminary for participating in riots in December 1893 Ow. Kutshoveli and E. Abesadze arrived in Kiev Seminary, and in March 1896 they had discovered a revolutionary literature. [34]
In 1896 in Kazan, the police revealed the existence of the secret circle - the embryo Future obscheseminarskogo Union. It was organized by student K. Stepnitskim, which was found to have been involved in illegal mug "girls-skilled workers, organized by his sister Agrippina in 1895 in Kazan, and pursue the objectives of propaganda among the workers' ideas, seeking to destroy the foundations of community life. "[35]
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1] In March 1885 in Yekaterynoslav was stuck appeal, the author of which was dismissed student seminary Ovcharenko. Apartment Ovcharenko, who lived together with seminarian Pereskumem was found hectograph. Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 47.
[2] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 42-43. Yakovlev was the brother dismissed for taking part in revolutionary activities Georgi Yakovlev. Like his brother, Nicholas was a member of the People's Will. "
[3] In the spring of 1887 in three Yekaterynoslav seminarians participated in fundraising for the benefit of hiding abroad gosprestupnikov. Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 54.
[4] Titlinov B. Young and Revolution. - S. 39.
[5] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 30. In January of 1884. Chernihiv arrested on charges of state crime graduate seminary F. Swiderski. In June of 1885 in Smolensk, on charges of political disloyalty to the inquiry were involved in two seminary Krapuhin and Makarevsky. In 1890, in Perm seminary has been arrested on charges of state crime Zolotavin pupil, and in Kostroma - Basil Turka.
[6] Eulogy (St George), Met. The path of my life: Memoirs of Metropolitan Eulogy (George), as set out in his stories, TT Manokhin. - Moscow: Moscow Worker, 1994. - S. 29.
[7] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 44.
[8] Benjamin (Fedchenkov), Met. At the turn of two epochs. - M.: Rule of Faith, 2004. - S. 127-132.
[9] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 40.
[10] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 44.
[11] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 45.
[12] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 46.
[13] Zimenkov VN Alex Lukic Horsetail / / Penza vremennik lovers of antiquity. - 2004. - Vol. 14. - S. 84.
[14] Zimenkov VN Alex Lukic Horsetail / / Penza vremennik lovers of antiquity. - 2004. - Vol. 14. - S. 85.
[15] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 60.
[16] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 47.
[17] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 56.
[18] Titlinov B. Young people and the revolution. - S. 56.
[19] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 57.
[20] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - P. 49 A similar case of a terrorist occurred in July 1886 in Ozurgeti religious school. Apprentice S. Jorbenadze inflicted a heavy blow to the superintendent with a staff.
[21] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 50.
[22] Dragomanov Mikhail Petrovich - Ukrainian bourgeois liberal, writer, historian, folklorist, social activist. From 1878 he published a collection in Geneva, and then Journal of Gromada in the Ukrainian language, as well as works by Alexander Herzen, Shevchenko, Panas Mirny et al in 1880 first published in pamphlet form letters Belinsky to Gogol.
[23] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 51.
[24] Tarasov VA Higher Theological School in Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. History of the Imperial Orthodox Theological Seminary. - Moscow: The new chronograph, 2005. - S. 280.
[25] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 57-58.
[26] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 58.
[27] Titlinov B. Young and Revolution. - S. 60.
[28] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 61.
[29] Smolich IK History of the Russian Church (1700-1917). - Kn. 8, Part 1. - MA: Holy Transfiguration Valaam Monastery 1996. - S. 472.
[30] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 63.
[31] K. Pobedonostsev and his correspondents: Memoirs. Memoirs: In 2 Vols - Minsk: Harvest, 2003. - T. II: 2003. - S. 534.
[32] Eulogy (St George), Met. The path of my life: Memoirs of Metropolitan Eulogy (George), as set out in his stories, TT Manokhin. - Moscow: Moscow worker, 1994. - S. 71-72.
[33] Of the historical material in an underground library and a secret circle of Vladimir's Seminary / public library movement in Russia XIX and XX centuries. - Kostroma: School of print production. - Issue IV. - 1921. - S. 11.
[34] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 64.
[35] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 65-66.
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