Revolutionary Movement and Spiritual Schools Russia in the late XIX - early XXvv. Part III
socio-political activity of theological schools in 1905-1917.
religious schools and the first Russian Revolution 1905-1907.
Since the beginning of 1905 the center obscheseminarskoy organization instead of Kazan, is Vladimir, where the appeal was sent, which Seminary campaigned for filing petitions obscheseminarskoy opening access to all higher education institutions. In the case of sympathetic responses at least, of the 25 seminaries, it was assumed in the summer of 1905 in Nizhny Novgorod to arrange a seminar delegates to the Congress an overall petition. [1]
January 9 1905 events took place, marking the beginning of a revolution in Russia in 1905-1907. Headed by the priest Georgy Gapon a march of workers to emperor for filing the petition. In fact, it was a provocation, because the organizers knew that the emperor is not in the capital, and in the petition have been made political demands Convocation Constituent assembly, freedom of speech, press and labor unions. Sam G. Gapon probably did not know about the inclusion in the text of the petition at the insistence of the Social-Democrats political demands. [2] Government troops met the procession weapons-shots. This day is known as Bloody Sunday and served as cause of strikes, demonstrations and strikes that swept in January and February across the country, both among workers and among students.
Appeal of Vladimir seminarians and the general revolutionary mood caused in many seminaries, a new upsurge of unrest and turmoil.
In February, there have been unprecedented excitement in Vitebsk, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ekaterinoslavskaya and Caucasian religious schools. Riots have acquired unprecedented proportions. It should be noted that students spiritual and educational institutions are almost always followed at the forefront of student performances. Thus, the performance of students of the Minsk Seminary, was the beginning of unrest at other institutions in Minsk. [3]
In March - April riots were observed among the inmates of Tambov, Olonets, Archangel (axed 40 people) and Lithuania (disbanded until the fall) of the seminary. [4] Again, in all the speeches obscheseminarskoy felt the influence of the organization.
"Requirements for students this time focused mostly on issues of procedure, - writes PN Zyryanov. - The students protested against the accepted in the spiritual and educational institutions barrack regime, demanded elimination of the hated administrators, improved sanitation and nutrition. "[5] Speeches were not yet clearly defined political character.
summer of 1905 was supposed to arrange a three Congresses pupils spiritual education: two county and one obscheseminarsky. First planned in Vladimir, Saratov, and the last - in Nizhny Novgorod. The congress was held only in Vladimir, from 16 to June 19 (with the participation of representatives from nine seminaries), but the regulations have general significance. [6]
to district centers treated and Chernihiv, who sent out leaflets in nearby seminary. However, there was already a strong political element: there were calls to the struggle for political freedom. [7]
"Action Programme for the autumn 1905 outlines in this form. It was decided in each workshop, modeled on the general petition filed by the monotonous petition the local authorities for transmittal to Synod, and then went on strike to meet these requirements, "writes Professor B. Titlinov. [8] The new tactic supposed to refrain from all riot and act unitedly.
publication of the Interim Rules "on the management of higher education department of the Ministry of the People Education "from 27 August 1905 served as a call to start the movement for autonomy in the higher spiritual schools. November 26, 1905 were issued provisional rules on the management academies. And in the future academic movement does not involve the revolutionary nature and does not go beyond academic requirements. [9]
strip autumn unrest opened Kharkiv seminary, by filing a petition and went on strike for 18 September. Soon became agitated Poltava, Penza, Chernigov, Voronezh, Tambov. Further seminars riots acquired spontaneity.
form of seminar presentations was monotonous. Pupils quietly in the presence of the entire corporation, usually in seminar room, handed his bosses the petition and declared the strike to respond to their demands. As a rule, the seminary after that closed, so that by the end of October, classes have already ended in 43 seminaries. [10]
difference between the performances of the seminaries was only in the fact that some of these students found more enthusiasm political movement than others. In the Yaroslavl Seminary sang revolutionary songs, went to political rallies pronounced political speech. In Ryazan, seminarians participate in a political rally even made a special resentment of the Black Hundreds. In Stavropol seminarians acted in contact with a committee of the Social-Democratic Labour Party. In Orenburg, seminarians, not content with general petitions, carried a special political a resolution which stated that "fundamental reform of the school is only possible with a complete change of social and political order in Russia." Conventional slogans students these workshops are: "Down with the tsarist regime," "Down with autocracy." [11]
in many seminars at the beginning or middle of November 1905 boss has tried to resume classes. But nothing could not do, as the revolutionary spirit was growing stronger. In the Kaluga seminary students are constantly sang revolutionary songs and even went to church with the singing of La Marseillaise. And on Nov. 20 over the building of the seminary, was thrown out the red flag on which was written: "Down with autocracy - long live freedom." Seminary had to re-dissolve. [12]
similar pattern was observed in Kostroma, Chisinau, Olonets and Vitebsk Seminary. As a result, few seminaries training process continues until the Christmas holidays.
However, it should be noted that had some seminary students who did not succumb to propaganda of the revolutionary elements. So the Metropolitan Eulogy (St George) writes that in Chelm Seminary crowd agitators met "a decisive rebuff. Seminarians shouting "Zhydivsky hangers!" Spat out of the windows at the protesters. Seminary was in the spirit of the "right" ... and has identified an example of devotion to the existing state order. "[13] Unfortunately, such a reaction was only an exception.
"At this stage the student movement of the majority of seminarians went beyond the purely academic requirements do not interfere in the political struggle and preserves the "nonpartisan" position. This provides unity of action in the fight for reform of the education system and mass demonstrations. All pupils Tobolsk Seminary have put their signatures on a petition on 15 October and only 15 people refused to join the strike. "[14]
Political Activity observed not only at pupils spiritual institutions, but also among the parish clergy. "The inevitability of reform - wrote SL Firsov, - witness and does not stop the growth of the "left" sentiment among the population that had previously never showed his opposition to the monarchy, for example, among the Orthodox clergy. It is significant that in 1905 at the home of an influential and respected St. Petersburg clergyman, the rector of the Kazan Cathedral Fr Philosopher Ornatsky, it was supposed to discuss an alliance of priests, which was supposed to enter the All-Russian Union of Unions. And since of the Union of Unions ... was to convene a Constituent Assembly elected by universal, direct, equal and secret ballot, the participation in it would look like an open performance against the existing system. "[15]
agrarian movement is captured and rural clergy. It is known that a priest of the village Old Lisky N. Sts the fall of 1905 opened the evening in a room church school gathering of peasants, "which inspired the idea of" Farmers Union "and called for the seizure of the landed land and the expulsion of the landowners of estates. "[16] Similar appeals were priests, A. Golikov Kashirsky county and G. Kutuzov of Smolensk province, and in Voronezh the province of a few priests belonged to the "All-Russian Peasant Union." [17]
October 1905 saw the publication of the imperial manifesto "On the improvement of public order." After October ecclesiastical authorities made concessions: announced the preparation of the reform of church schools. Seminarians was allowed to hold meetings without control inspections, create clubs, participate in staffing of libraries, etc. Drastic measures changes were not conducted, and minor concessions failed to appease seminary youth. [18] Even the imperial positive resolution of 10 December on the report Minister of Education for permission to access the seminarians in the universities [19] failed to stop a wave of strikes.
spiritual youth in the new, 1906, decided to strike again, and there is increasing unrest and turmoil. Until now, seminar presentations, at least in appearance, took place under the slogan school requirements. Since 1906, seminary movement shifted into a revolutionary party and becoming more and more connected with the activities of socialist parties.
From Orel Seminary, reported that the students sing the Marseillaise, sabotage the prayer, "Save me, O Lord, Thy people." January 18 Grade 5 students shot portraits king and queen, passing in the last 4 class, where his mutilated thrown into the corridor. Further developments continued only grow. January 24 should have been funeral took place the pupil grade 4 Monastyreva, an active participant in seminars disorder. Pupils were asked to move his body in the seminary church. Governor is not allowed, and seminarians staged a demonstration directly to the grave. "Again the lies and hypocrisy - said teacher Vadkovsky - blood taken manifesto of October 17 - freedom of speech, freedom of association, the inviolability of the person - where are they now? False and flattering government found here a new and despicable trait - it has shown contemptible cowardice, prohibiting transfer the body of our dear friend to his home school ... All this violence will not impunity: there is a supreme, divine court, the divine truth will prevail! .. "sung several times revolutionary funeral march:" You fell a victim in the fight against the fatal, "the seminarians to the sounds of the Marseillaise and cries of" Long live the revolution! "went back to the seminary. [20]
12-13 February in place of Vladimir Second Congress of the seminarians, which brought together representatives from 18 seminaries, although invited by 31. In contrast to the first Congress, the new requirement is no longer confined school reform. Stating that the free school is only possible in a free state, the delegates expressed their support for liberation movements in the country. "Only the destruction of this state regime will enable us to give full and complete development of our intellectual and moral forces" - Mentioned in the report. [21] Congress wanted to join the seminary in the overall union organizing in each local committee.
As already mentioned, the students actively participated in political life. In addition to rallies and strikes, revolutionary speeches and appeals, there was also a form such as a service to a requiem for the dead or executed political figures. On the occasion of execution on March 6 the head of the revolt on the cruiser Ochakov Lieutenant P. Schmidt, students of St. Petersburg Academy in its walls served requiem. [22] Like in Don seminary students went on strike and demanded to serve a requiem for what the authorities did not agree. Then students sang "Eternal Memory" and the revolutionary funeral march. "[23] After receiving the news of the executions P. Schmidt, Vladimir's Seminary students staged a rally, inviting his party, and after the singing of "You fell a victim" went to the city demonstration. [24]
spring 1906 riots occurred in many seminaries. And some, resuming classes after the Christmas holidays, were forced to close them again before the end of the school year.
difficult situation for entire spring has been in the Penza Seminary. "In late April, it came to the fence device - writes B. Titlinov - because of which the stones were met seminary superiors. April 24 a group of seminarians Penza with red flags and singing revolutionary songs came out of seminary and defiantly went to Gentry street, where it was dispersed by police. During the search, produced in the Penza seminary after the passing of seminarians in the seminary building was found explosives agents, missiles, illegal literature. The investigation established the guilt of seminarians in throwing explosive projectiles on Easter night at seminary yard, April 11 - in front of police headquarters and 13 of April - on the cathedral square. "[25]
Some seminary (St. Petersburg, Pskov, Samara and Kazan) staged political May Day strike. 2 May 1906 graduate of the Tambov seminary class I Griboyedov Vladimir made an attempt on the Rector Archimandrite Theodore (Pozdeevsky) by shooting him with a revolver. Rector, fortunately, survived, but the pupils were singing the Marseillaise and showed dissatisfaction unsuccessful attempt. Only a few students reacted negatively to the crime and a thanksgiving service at the parish church, not daring to make it into the seminary church. [26]
Autumn 1906 was fairly quiet, compared with what awaited spiritual superiors and the police after the regulations the third congress of the seminary.
Congress was held in the walls of the Moscow Theological Academy in Sergiev Posad, although originally planned to conduct Moscow, December 25-27 during the Christmas holidays. [27] Representatives of 13 workshops [28], although they were invited from 50. In the sessions of the congress was attended by as representatives of the Moscow organization of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and the Party of Social Revolutionaries. [29] It was suggested presence of representatives of extremist parties and the next Congress. At work and decisions of the congress should be more detail.
"recognize the work of Vladimir's Office is not enough - wrote Sokolov - Congress heard reports from the field, came to the conclusion that the political development of seminarians for recently expanded in many seminaries were the educational and political circles, and in some there are political organizations, numbering in their ranks than a dozen members. "[30]
Members of Congress have decided to establish obscheseminarsky Union, whose goal was to" professional fighting on the ground of academic requirements, but with the accession to the Convention and the political struggle, since "freedom of academic life \u0026lt;...> impossible without guaranteed freedoms - of speech, press, assembly and conscience for all citizens of Russia. "[31]
That's what was the program of the seminary Union:" 1) seminary alliance with general political discourse, should go hand in hand with the Socialist Party, and 2) any attempt to Black Hundred agitation on the part of clergy by or on behalf of the Union should meet sharply reasoned protest, 3) Union should contribute strongly socialist parties at their work within the walls of seminaries (organization circles, libraries, lectures, meetings, distribute literature, etc.). For the alleged church council Congress adopted the following resolution: "Whereas, first, that the real improvement of school life are not possible under the existing autocratic system, and secondly, that the church council, convened on the initiative of the bureaucracy and government, will comprise the majority of the \u0026lt;...> zhandarmstvuyuschih priests and monks and all the Black Hundreds, and thirdly, it was disgraceful that petition and request for such a cathedral, and expect it to improve school life - absurd - All-Russian Congress of seminarians decided to ignore the church council, but to deepen the awareness and to campaign among fellow malosoznatelnyh Congress recognizes the desirability of protests in various forms to demonstrate in front of the cathedral (his attitude towards it - YF). "[32]
was agreed central committee arranged in Vyatka, from which was to liaise with local organizations established in every seminary, who had joined the union.
Minutes of the congress were sent to all seminar with the following appeal: "The free school in a free country! Comrades! Greetings to you from the nationwide seminary Congress. Congress concluded that long and tedious work, which has long waged seminarians to deal with a lifeless school regime. At the congress became clear impossibility under the current school procedures and therefore require persistent struggle ... Sure, pathetic minions of the autocratic police regime will try to extinguish a spark thrown, then let's blow it, and when will kindle a flame, then all darkspawn fly in abyss of death. "[33]
Even sharper was an appeal to vospitannitsam diocesan schools:" In this hot moment experienced by our country, the revolutionary people in the face of the factory proletariat and peasantry, has entered into a decisive and final struggle with the king's autocratic regime ... Now пришло время срезать этот злокачественный нарост – царское самодержавие – с больного организма. Это и взял на себя революционный народ. Товарищи! Отживший operation launched their dirty paws in the school, in our lives ... Obliging the representatives of the regime watch over us at every step, \u0026lt;...> their dirty hands climb in our souls, in our "holy of holies" and they have taken from us living science and replaced them with substitutes in the form of God's Law, etc. If such traces \u0026lt;...> care henchmen tsarist regime, it is in our interests, comrades, to defend the violated rights, clean up the school from the dirt accumulated in it due to the reign of the school representatives of the moribund autocracy, and at the same time to start fighting for a free school. "[34]
to the call of the Central Committee to join the All-Russian obscheseminarskogo Union responded to 36 seminaries. In some of them to the organization joined the majority of pupils. The most numerous were local committees in Vyatka (327 people), Smolensk (112), Novgorod (100), Moscow and Thule (60). [35]
"Seminars movement is closely mingled with the general flow of democratic movement - writes PN Zyryanov. - Participation in it is for seminarians only the first stage of political development. From this place, and some provincial plaque obscheseminarskogo Union: the most numerous and active of his organization were in small towns far from major centers. Where political awareness has increased, where they finally made their choice to join either the Social Democrats, or to the SRs, there are activities obscheseminarskogo Union had no success. This was the case in Yaroslavl. "[36]
Also among the seminarians were set up in Odessa mugs Social Democrats and SR, but they soon shifted their activities outside the walls of the seminary. Failed to involve union seminary and seminarians Petersburg, divided between "progressives" (liberals), SRs, anarchists and social democrats. [37]
In early 1907 a manifestation of revolutionary sentiment continued to grow. Во многих семинариях стали издаваться студенческие журналы революционного направления. В Полтавской семинарии – "Рассвет", в Саратовской – "Семинарист", in Tver - Student Sheet "on the front page is one of the rooms was an article," calling for revolution and talking about the inevitability revolutionary rebellion. "[38]
In Tobolsk the seminary in December 1906 the supporters of the political speeches began to publish the magazine" On the topic of life. " "The analysis in the journal of materials allows us to conclude that most grouped around him," politicians "sympathized with the socialist parties - the Social Democrats and Social Revolutionaries ... Typical in this respect, article "25 December" that appeared in the second issue of the journal in early 1907. Rejecting any priorities than class, since its author has expressed his attitude toward "netrudyaschimsya" groups in Russia: "I hate them to the depths of my soul, I am ready to insane joy in his heart to cut them to pieces. I unaccountably happy when someone of them will break the bomb, I'm ready "smash their babies on a rock" to of them left and spirit. "[39]
Despite the fact that the majority of Congress (9 vs. 6) is not approved the proposal to carry out terrorist acts against objectionable to the members of the inspection, but under the influence of the proclamations at the seminary, a wave of riots, assassinations and murders.
great excitement in the April-May 1907 occurred in the Moscow seminary. In the seminary garden on May 8 in the hollow of lime, an explosion occurred raznesshy it into small chips, and on May 9 explosion occurred already in the oven for the school Corps. [40]
claims and petitions from students in a number of seminaries turned to extremist acts ¬ interaction. In Chernihiv seminary shooting was wounded officer, and the Rector committed a failed assassination attempt, in Tiflis - Inspector MA Dobronravov shot, and in Penza - rector, Archimandrite Nikolai (Eagles) was killed by three shots from a revolver; [41] in the Tambov successor to Bishop Theodore (Pozdeevsky) Archimandrite. Simeon (Kholmogorov) 7 April 1907 around 9 o'clock shot seminarian was crippled for life - he smote the spine by a bullet, [42] and in the face of the rector of the Kharkiv Seminary Fr John was throw out the Sign sulfuric acid. [43]
Shortly activity obscheseminarskogo Committee in Vyatka became known as the police, and spiritual authorities, but no hurry take urgent measures to eliminate it. In April 1907, Orlovsky Bishop Seraphim (Chichagov) wrote to the retired chief prosecutor Prince Shirinsky-Shikhmatov the following letter: "We hit the Synod and the Education Committee with respect to the seminary in Vyatka, where nest revolution and throw leaflets from All of the seminary. Do not you know? .. Requires extra secret searches of all the seminary in Vyatka ... In St. Petersburg, apparently, obstruction of cerebral circulation. Ministers Octo not see or want to see anything. "[44]
While the central authorities did nothing, took place the elimination of the local committees: on the night April 1, Novocherkassk seminary and the seminary in the Tomsk committee announced a voluntary dissolution by the struggle with his activities of Bishop Makarios. [45]
After news of the impending strike obscheseminarskoy spiritual authorities decided to destroy the central committee. Seminary in Vyatka was sent Auditor DI Tikhomirov, who is no evidence of the existence of the central committee could not be found. But after his departure the following events occurred. In Great On Saturday, during the reading of the Apostle, the clergy pereoblachali altar and saw beneath him a bundle of papers that proved archive of the Central Committee. [46]
However, developments in Vyatka continued to evolve: on Easter a few seminary students came to that shot in the bedrooms of the icon, one split on wood chips for heating furnaces, and the rest thrown into the water closet. [47]
On the night of 8 to 9 May, police had carried out the elimination of the central committee: the arrest 10 seminarians, 2 guards and 2 religious school facilitator. The arrests dealt a serious blow to the activities obscheseminarskogo Union.
Interim Management assumed the Tambov seminary, but it is due to the weakening previous exclusions of pupils, unable to coordinate the actions of local комитетов.
Центральный комитет до своей ликвидации успел разослать призыв к бойкоту переводных экзаменов, и, по данным П.Н. Зырянова, "в той или иной степени boycott raised nine seminaries in 10 riots took place. "[48]
Spiritual Authority tried to prevent and disrupt the four seminary congress, scheduled in the summer of 1907 was decided to arrange it in Tambov, but due to strict control over the activities of its members, Congress has not taken place. [49] Despite the repression, numerous exceptions and arrests, some local activists have tried to recreate obscheseminarsky Union.
"for political action to account students were involved in a number of seminaries: Kazan, Odessa, Voronezh, Ufa, Vyatka, Kursk, Saratov, Don, Volyn, Tambov, Annunciation, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Penza, Tula, and some others, [50] indicating that the political activity of students.
Yet seminary movement went into decline. There were several reasons. Firstly, the changes in the electoral law of June 3, 1907, marked the end of the revolution that led to general decline in social activity. Secondly, the "police repression put into a crisis situation all parties of socialist orientation ... Bursting communication between central authorities and local organizations, many of which have ceased to exist. "[51] Thus, stopped campaigning, political influence and work with students outside.
Thirdly, there has been some improvements and changes in the educational and training process. Consequently, demands of the majority of students were satisfied. Exclusion from the seminary, the most active participants in illegal clubs and committees, the output the remaining space on the secular school, and party activities - finally weakened the link the spiritual and educational institutions with the revolutionary movement and the socialist parties.
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[1] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 90.
[2] Fedorov AV Gaponov / Orthodox Encyclopedia. - M., 2005. - T. X. - S. 412-414.
[3] Titlinov B. Young and Revolution. - S. 91. And in Vitebsk seminarians were in the forefront of youth.
[4] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 92, 94.
[5] Zyryanov PN Orthodox Church in the fight with the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 83.
[6] S. Golubtsov Moscow Theological Academy in the revolutionary era. - Moscow: Martis, 1999. - S. 5-6. Items regulations have not yet leaving the academic framework, but there was demand for the abolition of compulsory worship attendance.
[7] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 95.
[8] Titlinov B. Young people and the revolution. - S. 96.
[9] On this issue there are a number of literature: Golubtsov S. Moscow Theological Academy in the revolutionary era. - Moscow: Martis, 1999. - 256., Tarasova VA Higher Theological School in Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. History of the Imperial Orthodox Theological Academy. - Moscow: The new chronograph 2005. - 568. etc. In 1908, the audit took place on the theological academies, in which "found ... too many "secular spirit" and the church of liberalism, the decline of discipline. As a result of this audit, the partial autonomy granted to the academies in 1906, was canceled. " Tsypin V., Fr. History of the Russian Orthodox Church. Synodal and the new period. - Moscow: Education Committee, 2004. - S. 322.
[10] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 97.
[11] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 97. Smolensk seminarians sent out an appeal of the Social-Revolutionaries. Irkutsk Seminary has put forward a resolution to join the political general strike to demand Constituent Assembly and the overthrow of the autocracy. Seminary in Krasnoyarsk, was involved in Krasnoyarsk uprising that led to the temporary seizure of power revolutionaries, and such evidence could still lead.
[12] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 98.
[13] Eulogy (St George), Met. My way Life: Memoirs of Metropolitan Eulogy (George), as set out in his stories, TT Manokhin. - Moscow: Moscow Worker, 1994. - S. 151.
[14] Religion and the Church in Siberia: Collection of scientific articles and documentaries. - Tyumen: B. &. - 1993. - Issue 6 .- S. 16-21.
[15] SL Firsov, Russian Orthodox Church on the eve of change (the end of 1890, till 1918.). - M.: Spiritual Library, 2002. - S. 183-184.
[16] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 105.
[17] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the fight against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 106-107.
[18], Kharkov seminarians gathered in January, immediately went on strike, claiming they cheated, since no changes did not happen.
[19] Church Herald. - 1906. - № 12. - S. 785.
[20] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 100-101.
[21] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 195.
[22] Tarasov VA Higher Theological School in Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. History of the Imperial Orthodox Theological Academy. - MM: The new chronograph, 2005. - S. 282.
[23] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 101.
[24] S. Golubtsov Moscow Theological Academy in the revolutionary era. - Moscow: Martis, 1999. - C. 6.
[25] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 103.
[26] Tambov Seminary during the first Russian revolution. - Http://grad-kirsanov.ru/author.php?id=seminary
[27] S. Golubtsov Moscow Theological Academy of the revolutionary era. - Moscow: Martis, 1999. - S. 6-7.
[28] Vifanskoy, Vladimir, Vyatka, Don, Chisinau, Moscow, Novgorod, Penza, Pskov, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula and Yaroslavl, and from Kiev and Samara seminaries were sent to punish.
[29] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve sheet seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - C. 232.
[30] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 232.
[31] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 107.
[32] Titlinov B. Young and Revolution. - S. 108-109.
[33] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 234.
[34] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 109-110.
[35] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 196.
[36] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 196.
[37] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 197.
[38] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 111.
[39] Religion and the Church in Siberia: Collection of scientific articles and documentaries materials. Issue 6. Tyumen, 1993. S. 16-21.
[40] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 237.
[41] Dvorzhansky AI History of the Diocese of Penza. Historical essay. - Penza, 1999. - S. 218.
[42] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 235, 241.
[43] G. Kolyvanov Theological Seminary in Russia in 1880 - 1920gg. - S. 121.
[44] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 197.
[45] Zyryanov, PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 197.
[46] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 238.
[47] Sokolov, S. P. Grieve list of theological seminaries in 1906 / 7 academic year. - S. 238.
[48] Zyryanov PN Orthodox Church in the struggle against the revolution of 1905-1907. - Moscow: Nauka, 1984. - S. 199.
[49] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 116.
[50] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 117.
[51] History of Russia. XX Century / AN Bohanov, M. Gorina, VP Dmitrienko and others - M.: AST, 2000. - S. 78.
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