Revolutionary Movement and the Theological School of Russia in the late XIX - early XXvv. Part II
Activities obscheseminarskoy organization (1899-1905 years.)
end 90-ies. seminary movement did not get organized. The first news of the existence of a secret organization mezhseminarskoy received spiritual superiors in the first half of 1899
This spring, in March and April, there were riots in Kazan and the Pskov Seminary, which caused the suspension occupations. In Kazan seminary reason was dissatisfaction with the table and the terms of seminary life, and in the Pskov students abandoned classes, required remove Inspector Lebedev and the return of expelled seminarians. May 1, students participated in the city strike. [1] The nature of the disturbances in these workshops drew the attention of Church authorities to its unusual unity and perseverance. As it turned out, in the seminary environment have been formed underground organization, inspired by the revolutionary circles. They called themselves "a group of seminarians, fighters for human rights" and "temporary organization by the seminarians.
On behalf of the central committee, which is located in Kazan, the seminary sent out an appeal, calling on students to strike with the future (1899 - 1900) academic year to support university students in their demands and to achieve for seminarians right to enroll in universities at the end of four general education classes. [2]
Even earlier, in early 1899, riots broke out in the secular universities of the country. February 8, 1899 the day the university holiday excitement occurred at St. Petersburg University and began a student movement throughout the Russian Empire. At a solemn act was booed Rector article. [3] It should be noted that in the first period of the student movement joined the 252 pupil St. Petersburg Theological Academy. [4]
Spring unrest in 1899 in some seminaries and were the first manifestation of the new obscheseminarskoy organization. However, at first, its influence was limited and spread slowly. There was no well-defined program of action. Initial tactic was to initiate and maintain a fermentation in the seminaries. Planned at every opportunity to cause riots under the slogan of the local school, the most close to the heart of seminarians.
Autumn response seminary movement manifested itself only in one Ekaterinoslavskaya Seminary, which in November had a strong unrest against the inspector Monastyreva. Pupils were thrown into the bosses lamps, benches, buckets and pieces of cast-iron staircase. To pacify the seminary superiors had to call the police, which hardly took the building. The seminary has been closed before the end of the school year. [5]
in embryonic form was seminary movement, and in 1900 In March 1900 students Tauris seminary was destroyed dining room. In September, Tomsk seminarians organized a demonstration against the inspectors, in October - Archangel, in November - Tula. [6]
In December of 1900 - occurred Unrest in the Tiflis seminary who wore political hue: students required to make the national seminary of the Georgian establishment. In these aspirations tiflistsev supports students Kutaisi Seminary.
In 1901, activities mezhseminarskoy organization has produced tangible results. Agitation among seminarians developed, communication between the seminaries have become livelier than in many seminaries were organized cells that take up the challenge to maintain and to disseminate the idea of fighting for "the common cause." In the spring of 1901, during the student protests, and began mass seminar presentations. In March, were marked serious unrest in the seven seminaries. One of the first strike Tula seminary, and after her immediately - Kaluga. Both acted in concert. On adorned the walls of the seminary, the inscription: "Brothers! Support Tula, "" stand up for freedom! ", There were calls:" To arms! "," Down with the monarchy, but Long live the republic! "[7] It should be noted that at this particular time in the Tula seminary trained Vladimir Troitsky, the future archbishop and the viceroy Verey Candlemas Monastery. [8]
Soon unrest took place in Orel, and several other seminaries. Noise, whistling, banging windows, frames, lamps, demolition of furnaces, doors, furniture, sound of shots from revolvers were accompanied by all the excitement in the spiritual and educational institutions. Where seldom is able to do "as a family." Arriving to quell unrest police students met with bricks, stones, sticks. Many of the seminary had to disband for many months.
spring of 1901 city authorities managed to intercept Orel Seminary hodivshee among seminarians appeal obscheseminarskoy organization calling to seek to expand general education courses, access to universities and changes in the whole teaching and educational system.
By the spring of 1901 a wave of seminars movements penetrated and outskirts of the empire. In late February - early March, was organized a strike in the Irkutsk seminary. Came to support students of Tomsk State University (in mostly former seminarians). In March riots occurred on the western outskirts of Vilna seminary. As it became known, the excitement was caused by rumors about student unrest and disorder in other seminaries. [9]
the summer of 1901 obscheseminarskaya organization supposed to arrange all-Russian congress seminar delegates. The fact that the congress was held, no doubt, but probably not in Kazan, as originally planned.
Since the autumn of a new wave of seminars disorders. In November - December, there was excitement in Yaroslavl, Vologda, Poltava, Stavropol, Tobolsk, Perm (all students were dismissed) and Don Seminary. In the latest unrest was the reason for the appeal of students of the Moscow Theological Academy. [10]
In December 1901 the authorities became aware of the existence of Kazan secret seminary center. Were open and some members, who according to the results produced by the search were found proclamations and Literature anti-government content. But these measures failed to destroy the committee.
main reasons for seminar presentations the panel called the impact for young people of the revolutionary agitators, which attracted students by the usual methods of the revolutionary game, forming local and central committees, gathering sessions.
By 1901 obscheseminarskaya organization has reached widespread and significant successes. It should be noted is the tendency: the influence of the organizing committee of the unrest in seminaries played a central role. And this influence can be traced in almost all the speeches, although at first glance, riots occurred in local causes, and the seminarians themselves to make demands of this nature: to remove a member of the inspection, to improve the educational process. However, as has been shown to put forward political demands. Increased cohesion of the seminaries that actively manages correspondence, circulated appeal. Information about disturbances in a seminary were the cause of appearances in others.
Central Committee was held constant agitation. In October 1901 in Tambov, came a young man as an agent of the "central organizing board of the seminaries' - fast. Before that, he toured a number of seminars (Simbirsk Samara, Penza, etc.), which based the secret cup. From Tambov, he went to Voronezh, Kursk, Kharkov, Ekaterinoslavl, Odessa. Purpose of the trip was Consolidation of seminaries and preparing for filing petitions to the total.
Founded in Tambov seminary council started the library has acquired hectograph. Was adjusted correspondence with Kazan Council, were sent from proclamations, letters and instructions. For secrecy was designed by a certain code. Main leader was Peter Belsky, who had a wide popularity among all students in Tambov.
activities of the local council was not fruitless: the end of January - Beginning of February in the Tambov seminary massive violent unrest erupted. [11]
In February 1902 very anxious Penza seminary. As it turned out, in the agitation participated already Tambov seminarians, distributing letters and appeals committee. [12]
That same month, students Simbirsk Seminary made two gunpowder explosion in the building of the school. Authorities managed to stop in time trouble. Soon there were disturbances in Podolsk, Poltava and Tver seminary, and in April - in the Vyatka Seminary. And everywhere they felt the activities and influence of the central committee.
Here is one of the proclamations of the central Committee: "Comrades! Hour has come! For you hundreds of destitute divinity student, the arbitrariness of people broken, maimed. For you about your own rights in the mud downtrodden of the seminary administration ... Where is the end to this? End in the minds of your strength and power. End your love for freedom ..."[ 13]
This appeal does not remain unheeded. Unrest in the Odessa Seminary in October-November 1902 was the sharp forms: beaten by an inspector, the rector, destroyed the room. Seminary could not close Only police forces. It was found that the agitation carried people from Kazan. In November, there were riots in Kutaisi, Vladimir's Seminary. [14]
Increasingly in seminar presentations becomes apparent revolutionary painting. During the September unrest Tomsk seminary students sang a few revolutionary songs and shouting: "Down with autocracy!". [15]
In November 1903 agitated Katerynoslav seminary. Police were called, searched and found the socialist anti-government publications and manuscripts. In November, there have been fermented in Ryazan, Krasnoyarsk and Tiflis seminary. The latest riots were clearly political in nature. [16]
in February, for political propaganda strike Annunciation Seminary. Was found by a portfolio filled with papers signed by the political content: "Social-Democratic Party," "Party of Socialist Revolutionaries," "League students, exiles in Siberia, "" League of the Revolutionary Committee of students in Kiev. " Were also found rates of underground newspaper "Revolutionary Russia" and "Free Word. "[17]
At the end of 1903 in the city of Kutaisi treatment appeared in the Georgian language on behalf of Kutaisi seminar of the Social-Democratic groups, calling for to fight for the abolition of the autocracy. "We have all the powers to use to destroy the monarchy ... but we must join fellow Social Democrats Kutaisi ". "Down with the autocratic government! Long live the democratic republic! Down with the bourgeoisie! Long live the combined total of the Social-Democracy! "
27 February 1904 began the Russian-Japanese War. On February 3, many students of 3 junior seminary Kutaisi left in the streets, and along with the crowd shouted: "Long live Japan! Yes, Russia will perish! "[18]
In October 1904 riots occurred in Tobolsk, and in November - in the Volyn region, Saratov and Kaluga seminaries, and, in the latter two led to the dissolution of the pupils.
course, not all the facts of unrest and demonstrations students spiritual and academic institutions. However, the evidence presented is sufficient to trace the spread of the influence of the organizing committee to see what seminars statements become part of a social movement, more and more leveled. "As is evident from all these facts, more and more stable politically depth was done seminary movement. More obvious it became that school requirements were merely a cover for political liberation struggle, in which young people drawn into its spiritual leaders, "- says Professor Petersburg Theological Academy B. Titlinov. [19]
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[1] Participation seminary students in celebration of May Day began much earlier. For example, the first in May 1895. were timed demonstrations and riots in Kharkiv Seminary.
[2] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 67.
[3] The student movement of 1899. Collection edited by A. and B. Chertkov. / / Free Speech. - 1900. - № 29. - S. 5-7.
[4] The student movement of 1899. Collection edited by A. and B. Chertkov. / / Free Speech. - 1900. - № 29. - S. 28.
[5] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 67.
[6] Titlinov B. Young people and the revolution. - S. 69.
[7] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 71.
[8] Hilarion (Troitsky), Arch. Creations: MV 3 t. - M.: Candlemas Monastery, 2004. - T. 1: 2004. - S. 9.
[9] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 73.
[10] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 75. Proclamations that are sent from the MDA, has no time to be used as a pretext to unrest in the seminaries. Thus, under the influence of such proclamations MDA strong disturbances occurred in Simbirsk Seminary in February - March 1902.
[11] Titlinov B. Young people and the revolution. - S. 77-78.
[12] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 79.
[13] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 81.
[14] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 82.
[15] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 84.
[16] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 85.
[17] Titlinov B. Young and the revolution. - S. 86.
[18] Titlinov B. Young и революция. – С. 87-88.
[19] Титлинов Б. В. Молодежь и революция. – С. 89.
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