History "Interest rate" (restrictions in basic education of Jews in the XIX - early XX centuries.) -2
Largest contribution to the fight against interest rules introduced Count II Thick. Even before the appointment of ministers, he as vice-president of the Academy of Fine Arts by President Academy of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich had ensured that the interest rate did not apply to the Academy of Fine Arts.
above indicated that Tolstoy served as minister of education in the office of Witte. Those in the first conversation about the proposal the post of minister on Oct. 27, 1905 said the fat that his candidacy called "the Emperor himself." The next day, Tolstoy told Witte that he was "decisive and strong supporter of full equality of all nationalities, living within the Russian state, \u0026lt;...> to the Jewish question - a supporter of the full equation "Jews" in all of the rights of other citizens Russian \u0026lt;...> a supporter of immediate withdrawal of interest rules for admission to educational institutions, teaching permit the Jews to take place and open their own schools. " Witte said that "very strong supporter of Jewish equality," but "should not raise the issue so dramatically, \u0026lt;...> I doubt that you can execute it now, \u0026lt;...> a final solution to this should provide the Duma, which will be созвана через полгода. Толстой посчитал Витте неправым в откладывании решения еврейского вопроса до Думы, но все же согласился сотрудничать с ним.
30 октября Thick, was invited for an audience to Nicholas II. He repeated the king, almost the same as saying Witte added: "The Jews are in many places at the head of the current revolutionary movement, and almost everywhere they are its members or supporters. Can they settle down only when they are granted the same with all Russian citizens civil rights. " Nicholas II replied: "Theoretically, I think you're right \u0026lt;...> I am not against equality of the Jews, but the solution the question should protect the interests of Russian people. " In conclusion, Tolstoy reiterated that he is for "the equality of all peoples inhabiting Russia, and including even, mostly Jews "[22]. As a result, on October 31 Count II Tolstoy was appointed minister to whom he remained until April 24, 1906.
Tolstoy suggested that the Council of Ministers to lift restrictions on the Admission of Jews to universities, subordinated to the Ministry of Education. Clearly presenting existed while the atmosphere of the Jewish question and the mood of the king, II Tolstoy went on to half-hearted measure, to keep interest rates for secondary education institutions. In his view, given the interest rate on admission to school, "not a secondary straining through rate" to deprive Jews of opportunities higher education.
Council of Ministers discussed the idea II Tolstoy, January 20, 1906. The majority of the Council, headed by Witte, supported the proposal. Made against the three ministers. Especially actively protested the Minister of Internal Affairs PN Durnovo, pointing primarily to the timeliness of such measures. "Memoria" Council of Ministers has been drawn up with the differences and sent the king, who, as noted above, stated that the Jewish problem will be solved only if when he wants. Tolstoy had nothing to do, how to limit appreciation of petitions for the admission of Jews to universities above the norm. But he tried to legitimize position on a wide scale; March 8 letter to Witte II Colon indicated his intention to meet the Council's request for some universities Excess admission of the Jews and sought the views of Witte. He wrote a resolution: "To amend the Council, but it was not considered in the Council of Ministers, probably in connection with the position of king.
The day after the resignation of Tolstoy with all the cabinet Witte, Tolstoy visited the newly appointed Minister of Education, PM Kaufman, hit his repetition of outdated ways of solving the Jewish question, "namely, recognition of foreign Jews and talent to the rights of those [23]. However, In practice, Kaufman denied the usefulness of norms. He not only claimed that the tips of all universities were "unanimous and persistent" in our resolve to "open the door high school for all who have received secondary education, regardless of nationality, but also gave some concessions in respect of the interest rate range of universities. Kaufman objected to the widespread view among conservatives that the Jews "will be ahead in the occupied by Russian colleagues," due to "extraordinary energy and efficiency. " It was for that "reasonable competition" contributed to "the awakening of laziness and inertia" [24]. Position Kaufman on the Jewish question contributed to his resignation as minister.
In 1907, Archbishop Makarios Tomsk in a letter to the king complained of the total disruption of Interest standards for the reception of Jews in the Tomsk Technological Institute. Nicholas II sent a letter to PA Stolypin, and it was considered at the Council of 18 December 1907. Schwartz, who became minister after Kaufman, Stolypin advised, given to them at the end of January 1908 before it, reversed the decision of the Council of the Institute, accepting the possibility of taking the Jews more than the norm of 5%. Schwartz also reported this to the king.
This fact served as a starting point for the Council meeting Ministers of 19 August 1908, which discussed the issue of law establishing the interest rate that the proposed and Kaufman (it should be recalled that they were adopted in 1887 in an administrative order). Another 19 February of that year the Council of Ministers, based on the opinions Schwartz, expressed the wish that the rules have been established not only for the educational institutions of the Ministry of Education, but also other ministries and agencies. Their leaders offer a range of values for the standards. For example, The Ministry of Internal Affairs found it necessary to set a uniform rate of 4%, based on the relationship of the Jewish population to the entire population country. Schwartz offered to take in high school, "only children of wealthy Jews, the rest mass of Jewish children should be limited to the formation of in urban schools. But ministers are not supported by Schwartz.
Council of Ministers on August 19 adopted a resolution on restoring the rules for high schools in 1887. Believing secondary education should be more accessible, the ministers decided to form under the chairmanship of the Minister of Education Interagency meeting to propose about the percentage standards for admission to secondary schools. 16 September 1908 the king approved the decree of the Council of Ministers [25].
On meeting, that meeting suggested Schwartz for grammar schools to the same rules as for universities. Minister of Finance V. Kokovtsov was against it, as for cost conclusion of the external loan should be "especially careful" attitude towards the Jews. Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod, a former assistant minister of Education, SM Lukyanov, argued that Schwartz "would be even better now not to raise the Jewish question." Trade and Industry Minister VP Timiryazev was for increasing rates of 3, 5 and 10% to 5, 10 and 15% respectively. The Council of Ministers of 23 June 1909 adopted the latest figures, a decision on August 22 approved the king. But Schwartz was left to his own opinion [26].
It would seem, the first of these laws is not toughened the previous standards for high schools, and the second - has raised them for high school. But compared with the situation in 1905-1906, it was a step back, stirred not only Jews but also the liberal community. While rules were established by law, they did not have legislative nature, since it does not pass through the Duma and the Council of State, and were taken in the order of the supreme government. Witte wrote: "It was a new restriction of the Jews and made contrary to law "[27].
government continued to follow the path constraints. The Minister of LA Kass, who replaced in 1910 by Schwartz, March 11 1911 was signed into law the extension of the interest rate on the Jews, passing grades in the public schools as externs, estimated to total Total externs [28]. The real meaning of the law was a practical prohibition to pass an external examination to Jews as the Christians who are studying without any restriction, there was no need for external studies. Therefore, deprived of such opportunities, and Jews.
In late March of that year, Casso issued a circular which is required to present a certificate of political reliability of all persons who were not received directly from high school to university; was proposed to calculate the interest rate not to the amount taken, and to the number of applicants desire to undergo testing for admission in high school - at the expense of the interest rate was reduced.
addition, Cass circular dated February 7, 1914 regretted that university administrators to use different criteria for selecting students for admission. To eliminate the unfair randomness minister ordered the "enlist Jews in the students University at the expense of the established norm, not otherwise than by lot. " Then, on July 2, the Ministry issued a supplementary circular, and in August - a third of the same subject [29]. Thus, Casso wanted to eliminate competition certificates, which determines admission to students only Jewish medalists and pyaterochnikov. They naturally became the most successful students. According to Cass, the principle of "survival of the fittest" to the Jewish students in the Russian school was unacceptable.
After the death of Casso in late 1914, early next year, the Minister was appointed Earl PN Ignatiev. He was a liberal and the policy is labeled a rightist filosemitskoy. Ignatieff allowed to open a network of Jewish private schools, charter approved the first Jewish high school - Private polytechnic institute in Yekaterinoslav. In 1915, under his guidance has been developed "Regulations on public schools (a secondary schools), Ministry of Education, one of the articles of which reads: "In high school should take children of all classes, without distinction of creeds and creeds. " However, Ignatiev dismissal from office minister in late 1916 because of dissatisfaction with the king held them to the educational policy has not produced opportunity to realize the specified 'position'. Still, with the participation of Ignatieff decisions were dictated by wartime conditions and giving relief in terms of interest rules. So, July 24, 1915, under the special magazine, the Council of Ministers adopted a decree "On the preferential admission to domestic education of children of persons serving in the ranks of the army, as well as the participants of war, retired from the army because of sickness or wounding, "which king approved on August 10 that same year. This decision for admission to universities spread like the Christians and Jews. A June 27, 1916 Ministry of Education issued a circular on which the calculation of the Jewish vacancies within the interest rate on the 1916-1917 academic year should be excluded from the calculation of the Jews, adopted in the last academic year concessional according to the highest command in 1915, then determine the number of vacancies for the Jews in relation to the total number students of this university, taking into account the newly adopted. These vacancies should act in this order: war veterans, retired from the army for injuries or sickness; children in the military, received a distinction, and children killed and wounded, others they enter the competition certificates or lot [30].
Generally speaking, number of educational institutions in the west and south of the country because of military action was closed. Parents of secondary school students in these areas offered to translate them into other city, with a circular of the Ministry authorized to receive such cases in excess of the Jews. However, the possibility to use this resolution for the training institutions outside the Pale limited by the lack of universal rights of residence. Hard to say, how could implement this circular, soon all Jews would be unable to use the new opportunities. But this has opened a new circumstance. Military Ministry and the government began evict Jews from the war zone in inner provinces, and the fact that the resettlement of Jews in the heart of Russia had to legislate: Circular of Minister of Internal Minister Prince NB Shcherbatova on 15 Aug. 1915 gave Jews the right to live in all towns, except the capital and areas under the jurisdiction of the Imperial Court and the Ministry of War [31].
March 4, 1917 on one of the first meetings of the Provisional Government on the proposal of the Minister of Education, AA Manuilova were lifted interest rates for the Jews at admission in all educational institutions, and on March 20 lifted all restrictions on the rights of Russian citizens, due to belonging to a particular religion or nationality [32].
This shameful history of limitations of the Jews the right to receive education, it seemed would have ended. Could think of the bourgeois ministers, in a few years proletarian government will revert to the idea of interest rules, but common not only in education but also to work.
But that's another story.
Notes
1. Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Meeting 1 st. T.28. № 21547.
2. Full Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Collection 2-e. (CCL-2). Vol.10. № 8054.
3. CCL-2.T.2. № 1330, T.19. № 18420.
4. CCL-2.T.36. № 37684, T.49. № 52983.
5. CCL-2.T.48. № 52020.
6. Marek PS Essays on the history of education of the Jews in Russia. M. 1909.S. 281; Posner, SM Jews in the general education / books Voshoda.1903. № 4.S.79-80.
7. Historical overview of the Committee of Ministers (1802-1902). SPb., 1902. P. 435; Posner SM Op. soch.S.82.
8. Journal of the Ministry of Education. 1884. № 10.S.77-78.
9. Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Meeting the third. (PS3-3). Vol.5. № 3054, Reports of Judgments by the Ministry of Education. T.10.SPb., 1894. № 198.Stb.330-332; humbly Extract from the report of Minister of Education for the 1886 St. Petersburg., 1891.S.31.
10. Review of decisions High Commission for the revision of existing on the Jews in the empire of laws. Application. SPb., 1888. S.XLIX-LII.
11. Zajaczkowski PA Russian autocracy in the late XIX century. M. 1970.S.133; Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire, he 19050-1906. Documents and materials. L. 1990.S.196.
12. Mouse MI Guide to Russian laws on the Jews. SPb., 1914. S.360-361.
13. Witte, SJ Memories. T.2. Tallinn, Moscow, 1994.S.199.
14. Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA). F.733. Op.153.D.315.L.4ob., CCL-3.T.28. № 31008; T.29. № 32501.
15. Sliozberg GB Cases of days gone by. Notes of a Russian Jew. Paris, 1933.T.2.S.89, 90.92.
16. RSHA, ibid. L.3 and L. 3ob.; George AI Brief historical review of government actions and destiny against the student unrest. SPb., 1890.S.165-166.
17. Tolstoy I., Hesse YI Facts and thoughts. The Jewish question in Russia. SPb., 1907.S.186.
18. Dubnov, SM The recent history of the Jewish people. V.3. Berlin, 1923.S.353-354.
19. Kites, VA Evolution High School of the Russian Empire. M. 1998.S.188.
20. RSHA, ibid. D.304.L.40 and 40 vol.
21. Schwartz AN My correspondence with Stolypin. My memories of the Emperor. M. 1994.S.33.
22. Memoirs of Count II Tolstoy. M. 2002.S.38-39, 42-44.
23. Ibid. P.136, 187, 282, 283; Council of Ministers of the Russian empire ... S.202.
24. RSHA. F.733.Op.153.D.304.L.45 RP-46, 49 vol., F.1276. Op.2.D.569.L.15-21.
25. Special magazines Council of Ministers of Czarist Russia. 1908. Part III. M. 1988.S.606-612, CCL-3. T.28. № 31008.
26. Schwartz AN Op. cit. P.37-38, 88-89; CCL-3.T.29. № 32501.
27. Witte, SJ Op. cit. T.3.S.468, 504.
28. CCL-3.T.31. № 34900.
29. Konstantinov, NA Essays on the history of high school. M. 1956.S.121; Gimpelson Frenkel Laws of the Jews. A systematic review of existing regulations on the Jews with the explanation of the Governing Senate. SPb., 1915.S.548-550.
30. Dudakov SY Paradoxes and quirks filosemitizma and anti-Semitism in Russia. M. 2000.S.267-268; Konstantinov, NA Op. soch.S.176-177, The Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire in the First World War. SPb., 1999.S.402; Journal of the Ministry of Public prosvescheniya.1916. № 8.S.107-108.
31. Cancel traits of Jewish Settlement. Vyp.1.M., 1915.S.3.
32. Collection of Laws and Government Orders 1917. Otd.1. 1 st half. Pg., 1917. № 69.St.388; № 70.St.400.
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