the history of Stalin's imaginary turning to religion and the Orthodox Church in 1930 years, "
Peter Ilchenko, Special Correspondent "Century" in Belgrade
12.05.2008
Paradoxically, the dividing line in relation to World War II ("pro-Russian" elements - those for Partisans and the Red Army, and "Anti-Russian" elements - those who are against the guerrillas and the Red Army) is not universal. Proof of this is For example, modern Serbia. Practically, this country could come close to full consensus on the issue of the Second World War, but in the mirror reflection of the views of most Russians, the events of 1941-1945 ...
Memories of hard struggle and a heroic victory over Germany and its allies in World War II refers to those invisible bonds that unite people into one of modern Russia. These memories run through the hearts of Russian, Eastern Ukrainians and Belarusians living in the now independent former Soviet republics, but preserving the spiritual relationship with Russia. Participation in the Second World War, which received Soviet history as World War II, deservedly become an important element of government propaganda in the Russian Federation and Belarus. And vice versa. Forces opposed to Russian, as in Russia and the former Soviet republics, up to shield the tradition of German collaborators occupiers. These forces are lovely names of fighters SS, Wehrmacht, auxiliary troops and police, who fought with the partisans in the Baltics, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and North Caucasus. A united Europe a blind eye to equalizing the rights of SS veterans and those under red banners fought against Nazism in Ukraine. In the Baltics, this equilibrium has long tilted toward condemnation of Soviet veterans and the arrogance of those who till the last struggled against Eastern hordes. "
This probably is a certain logic. Germany with the progress of the war more and more inclined to the idea of creating a unified Europe, a Europe for all European nations, which will protect the interests of Europeans from the "Red Plague". If you read German newspapers and occupation World War II, it is easy to see that arguments about the "European family of nations" appear in them no less than the current pretenders to the media EU membership in Eastern Europe. On the other hand, it is worth noting that not only the will of political elites, not only the state propaganda of Moscow and Minsk, Kaunas and Tallinn, but the people themselves feeling naturally rush to the bed, laid for them by official media and film projects.
Although recent archival research has shown that in the subsidiary parts of the Third Reich were hundreds of thousands of Russian, none of the veterans these parts would not dare to boast about my services to friends and comrades in Russia. Conversely, in the Baltic States and in Western Ukraine people's hands tint monuments and decorated with flowers memorials SS legionnaires.
To understand the reasons for the relationship to the events of the Second World War in Serbia should briefly describe about the events of the war in Yugoslavia. After the First World War came to light newborn Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Yugoslavia warmed a significant number of Russian immigrants, who are socio-political group, received in this country right maximum, compared to any other Russian foreign country. At the same time Yugoslavia until 1940 has taken a consistent anti-Soviet stance and recognized the Soviet Union later than everyone else European countries - only in 1940. Until the German occupation, the Communists regarded officially banned terrorist party. Under current police instructions, a member of the Communist Party of offering armed resistance to arrest, to be destroyed on site. Not remain in debt and staff Comintern, planners dismemberment of the country at the national republics with the right to self-determination. From the territories of the Serbian people planned in a separate education: Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Kosovo and Vojvodina. Large parts of the Serb-populated areas were to be transferred Croatia. Dislike of the Communist International to the Serbs expressed even in the fact that the Serbian Communist Party sought to be recorded in the questionnaires, the Croats, to look more loyal "internationalist ideal." In the prewar years, the Yugoslav Communists went so far that blocked the Croatian Ustashi and the Macedonian secessionists, "fellow travelers" to achieve common political goals.
After the First World War, Yugoslavia remained the official staunch ally of France and England. The paradox of this political orientation was that the western Balkans over the centuries has been economically associated with the countries of Central Europe. In the interwar years, this dependence is particularly convex - French and English capital and export were replaced by higher quality of German products and better deals with Germany. Once in 1940, France had fallen under the blows of the Wehrmacht, Yugoslavia was in a difficult situation. Political and military elite, educated in respect to England, with all my heart was torn on the side of beleaguered Albion. Broad strata of Serbian society who experience loyalty to the Allies in World War I and the traditional hostility to the Germans also tended to resist the ideas of "New order". On the other hand, economic ties with the Reich and its allies cast doubt on the feasibility of targeting Britain, which seemed too weak and lonely, compared to the new Europe. Appeals against the war with Germany, unheard of at the time, somewhat like today's Serbian media. "All of Europe has united in a common economic community, all the neighbors - members of a single military impulse." "The border states with outstretched hands waiting for the country's entry into the alliance, "or - with even greater enthusiasm and more widely spaced hands waiting to pull apart piece by piece country, if Belgrade refuses to honor the place in a united Europe. National minorities (Slovenes, Croats, Hungarians, Germans, Bosnian Muslims, Montenegrin separatists and Macedonian), then (as it is now) also exploded into the European community, seeing it as getting rid of "Greater yoke."
In such conditions, it was decided to strengthen its relations with the largest neutral country in Europe in 1940 - with ... Soviet Union. In 1940 took place on mutual recognition, the countries exchanged ambassadors. However, the military pressure on England was almost unbearable. It seemed a little more, and "Seelöwe" ("Sea Lion" - as the Germans called operation capture Britain) will make a decisive leap. Wise Anglo-Saxons in their traditional manner decided to shift the burden of fighting the less civilized peoples (Ie not on the Brits.) The choice fell on the Balkan, which decided to "bestow" the inclusion in the fight against the German Hun. " The latter also did not lag in their quest to retain the soft underbelly of Europe. Under the dictates of the Reich Yugoslavia acceded to the military alliance, Germany, Italy and Japan.
In response, the British secret service March 27, 1941 organized a coup in Yugoslavia in the hope that the Germans were bogged down in the Serbian mountains, and landed up in the rear in Greece forces of the Crown and the Commonwealth of reach even in a very shabby.
But hopes were in vain. Yugoslavia was the formation of unstable, in which a significant part of territories and peoples forcibly withheld. Immediately after the war began, the Croatian part of the army chose to turn their bayonets against Belgrade, not against Berlin. The final was sad. Intense fighting lasted for virtually the whole of one week. The Germans invaded and dismembered Yugoslavia. Macedonia went to Bulgaria, Kosovo - Albania, Vojvodina - Hungary, Dalmatia and Montenegro - Italy, Slovenia - Germany. From the western residues - Croatia and Bosnia - was slepleno Independent State of Croatia, from the east - "Serbia", no status.
the summer of 1941, after the German attack on the Soviet Union in Serbia distinguished by traditional rusofilstvom, communist guerrillas failed uprising bloodily suppressed by the Germans in late 1941. The rebels joined by non-communist fighters against German occupation - Chetniks Drops Mikhailovich who shared the ideals of monarchism, nationalism, and orientation the Western democracies - the United States and England. Germans were too busy to participate in the Balkan skirmishes, and they organized groups of radical Serb nationalists Gen. Milan Nedic and his ally Dimitry Loticha ready to fight against the British mercenary plutocratic red and terrorists. " Due these events, Serbian society was divided into three parts: the "pro-communist" (guerrillas), "pro-democracy" (Chetniks), and "extremely nationalistic" (Nedichevtsy), was also a Russian protective casing of the "Balkan" Russian (from Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania and Greece), for the most part supported the Germans.
And ideological component in this division was very conditional. Communism and nationalism, and democracy have their local interpretation and perception. As a result, between these three groups broke out a veritable civil war. There, from 1941 to 1945, was attended by Germany, the USSR, Britain and the USA, supported with different intensity of his supporters. As a result of external and internal factors of the Serbian civil war had no inherent winners. In 1942 he gained the upper hand and nedichevtsy lotichevtsy almost completely expelled from the territory occupied by Serbian guerrillas. In 1943 and early 1944. the majority of Serbian villages and provincial towns came under the control of the Serbian Chetniks, and the second half of 1944 with the support of the Red Army of Serbia was again under control guerrillas.
vnutriserbskaya And this civil war, like a needle in a fairy egg is inside another civil war - vnutriyugoslavskoy. After the fall of the Belgrade authorities to most of the former "oppressed" peoples (Croats, Bosnian Muslims, Albanians and Macedonians), hard, started solve "the Serbian question." And if the majority confined simply smashing and looting, as well as the haphazard killings of Serb local elites (intellectuals, priests, military, and just the wealthy), the independent Croatian state has set a formal stated objectives - a third of the Serbs to convert to Catholicism, a third drive, and a third killed.
in Croatian concentration camps to undesirable elements, along with Jews and Gypsies, and Serbs were relegated.
Together with a comparatively small and almost completely destroyed the Jewish and Roma communities were killed Several hundred thousand Serbs - only because they were Serbs. In vain, the Germans and Italians, anticipating the possible consequences of trying to warn the Croatian management of extreme violence.
As a result of these processes is a significant part of the Serbian population was in a densely wooded Croatian and Bosnian forests. Desperate people, burning with vengeance and hatred, were the ideal material for the recruitment of troops resistance. In this case all depended on who will enlighten the mind, seek solace and explanation, and who build weapons of calloused hands, accustomed to a simple peasant labor. Will Does this officer and a priest, who recalled the Serbian national unity and the need for the struggle for "God, King and Fatherland", or a young teacher, student dropouts or city worker, who will report on "the eternal kingdom of justice in the communist tomorrow." Thus, the area Croatia and Bosnia in 1942-1943. became the scene of the most violent events, where the Chetniks, the guerrillas and the Croatian Ustashi slaughtered each other with an exclusive enthusiasm. At the same time on the side of the partisans were military successes of the USSR, the traditional rusofilstvo Serbs and softness in solving the national question. Vacillating Croats, for which in 1943 became apparent defeat of the Reich, as well as those who are horrified at bloody face of genocide, sought to find allies among the forest of people. " But the Chetniks in the majority had developed an ideology and raised a banner of "righteous vengeance." The only place where could rush an increasing number of repentant representatives of the peoples of the former Yugoslavia, were partisans. This caused a gradual strengthening of the forces of guerrillas, who in 1944 became the dominant force both on the field vnutriyugoslavskoy, and in vnutriserbskoy civil wars. It is worth noting that in this case, as in the last Yugoslav war, as in the Russian Civil War, the warring parties are sometimes temporarily "friendly against a third party. In this case, the guerrillas sometimes blocked with the Chetniks and Ustashi and Chetnik alternately an alliance with the guerrillas, the Ustashi and nedichevtsami. These maneuvers have actively participated and Germans. They managed to negotiate with the guerrillas on joint action against the Anglo-Americans, in their surprise landing on the Adriatic coast. Chetniks collaborated with the Germans while fighting with the guerrillas, but was unable to agree on joint action against "the invasion of the USSR."
Meanwhile, in 1944 Red Army troops were able to chine German army and its allies, and get off at the border of the USSR. Romania and Bulgaria have been passed Forces 2 nd and 3rd Ukrainian Front like a knife through butter. Taking advantage of the confusion Germans caused so rapid onset of the Red Army, the Yugoslav partisans broke through the defenses Chetniks and nedichevtsev in southern Serbia and in unison rushed to Belgrade from the south-west. Crossed the Danube, 57, Army 3rd Ukrainian Front liberated from the Germans eastern and central part of Serbia and went to Belgrade from the north-east. In this case, they were surprised to find that the designated Glavpurovskoy propaganda as local collaborators and nedichevtsy Chetniks have no resistance. In fact, Nedic and Lotich throughout the war, evaded attempts to German administration to force them to fight against the USSR. A Chetnik Drops Mikhailovich and tried to do to take part in the liberation of Serbia, together with the troops Red Army. Several representatives of the Chetniks attempted to submit its response to the Yugoslav partisans, as ... "massacre of the Trotskyists" and assured the Red Army commanders in their love for Russia. However, this attempt failed.
several towns in central Serbia (Krusevac, Trstenik and others), liberated from the Germans, Chetniks, along with the liberators were transferred to representatives of the Red Army guerrillas, who in place dealt with the hated opponents of the Civil War.
Soon the joint actions of the Yugoslav partisans and the 4 th Mechanized Corps Gen. Zhdanov Belgrade was taken. Defending its German and scattered pieces of the Russian corps were driven from the city and retreated to the west. After that, Soviet troops pulled out of Yugoslavia through Vojvodina and continued their advance on Berlin, Budapest and Vienna. In moving to the west Soviet troops were advancing, touching the left flank of the northern (Croatian) parts of Croatia. Combat support to the Yugoslav partisans provided air connection Vitruk that took part in its attack planes, fighter jets and medium bombers. For Yugoslavia, the war ended not 8, not 9, but only 15 May 1945 with the fall of the last strongholds of resistance and the Germans who fought there, shoulder to shoulder Germans, Ustasha, Chetniks, and Vlasov ...
It should be noted that the victory of the partisans meant not only the expulsion of the Germans. From autumn 1944 until 1948 in Yugoslavia was promoted repression against the flywheel assembled into a single bunch of "collaborators occupation, nationalists, obscurantist and anti-communist ideology." In the weeks after the capture of Belgrade in the city were shot several hundred priests, engineers, university professors, teachers and simply disagree. The same wave of Red Terror in the worst traditions of the "proletarian revolution" took place and other liberated from German territory.
The situation worsened in the years 1948-1957, when Yugoslavia was in a confrontation with the Soviet Union and its allies. At this time the flywheel of repression felt by those already, who are positive about the USSR and the Russian general, and the country was on the verge of NATO membership (the negotiations broke off only the death of Stalin). Of course, under these conditions, the historical role of the USSR in the liberation of Yugoslavia from the Germans began to diminish, and with the memory of Soviet stay in Yugoslavia began to fight. Even then, in 1948, the area and squares Serbian towns and villages were "exempt" from the obelisks and the mass graves of Soviet soldiers. Monuments smashed and passed to scrap, and the grave raked in common graves, or simply covered with earth. In their place are usually erected monuments to the Yugoslav partisans, the ashes are promptly dug out of the other graves. Later, after the improvement of relations with the Soviet Union, part of the monuments to Soviet soldiers in Yugoslavia was restored, and on the outskirts of Belgrade, was built the Soviet memorial cemetery. Victory Day, which is determined decision of the Yugoslav party leadership moved to May 15, returned on May 8. And yet, for understandable reasons, the role of the Soviet Union against Germany and the liberation of Europe from the German hegemony continued to be perceived with disdain. Official concept is the fact that the Eastern Front, the African (later Western) and the front battles in Yugoslavia had equal influence on the outcome of World War II. Developed the concept that Yugoslavia in 1941 "saved Moscow", which "delayed the sending the promised arms and military assistance. " Things reached the point that the official historical science was seriously argue that Tito "temporarily invited the Red Army into Yugoslavia on its own terms, "etc ... Held back not only the crucial role of the Soviet Union in defeating Germany, but also the importance of diversionary and guerrilla training received by Tito and his colleagues in the Soviet Union and Spain under the leadership of the Soviet instructors.
These manipulations of the mass consciousness have left their mark. The value of the Second World War, the struggle with Germany and victory over it have become increasingly fading. In the pursuit of elusive blue bird of communism - Proletarian internationalism - Tito's regime came to an even larger correction of the past.
Chetniks and Ustashi were equalized as "geeks Serbian and Croatian people. "
with a focus on war crimes Chetniks and downplay the mass killings perpetrated by the Ustashi. Cooperation Chetniks and Partisans at the beginning of the war were portrayed as something accidental, fleeting, almost not occurred. Even greater contribution to the destruction of the integrity of memories World War II brought freedom to leave the country, which became available in Yugoslavia with the 60th's. Widespread travel "guest workers" in the country Western Europe and America led to the fact that the relationship between the military wave of emigration (yesterday's Chetniks, Ustashi and lotichevtsami) and coming out of postwar Yugoslavia became very broad. Of course, the Yugoslav security services tried to reduce the effects of such contact to a minimum. But in the conditions of visa-free exit to prevent infusion in Yugoslav society "of others' ideas about World War II has become almost impossible.
Confusion in the estimates of the Second World war, the role of the Red Army and the guerrillas reached its peak in the early nineties. While in Yugoslavia, just like in Russia at that time, it was possible to hear the most Opposing views on this subject, and, unlike in Russia where the authorities kept giperkriticheskoe attitude toward victory (Volkogonov and K ˚), in Yugoslavia, main-stream flows through several different course.
course, the role of the Ustasha in Croatia have also been re-evaluated. From the "devils in the flesh "in the days of President Tudjman, they gradually became the champions of freedom of Croatia, who may, somewhere, and sometimes go too far, but in large As did the right thing and have been blackened communist historians. Croatia has thus developed for the clear pattern. All this is reminiscent of reassessment Action SS veterans in the Baltics and western Ukraine. Symbols of the Ustasha and the Nazis set up the Independent State of Croatia became part of the state and military symbols of Croatia. Military traditions and songs of the Ustasha were honored in the Croatian army.
However, in Croatia, the situation changed after 1995, ie after the victory over the Serbs and their almost complete expulsion from the country.
first only in communion with the West, and later for internal use steel accents shift. An interesting initiative in this sense, given the head of the Croatian General Staff, Janko Bobetko, which is still in the distant ninetieth in the interview with the Russian television compared the liberation operation Croatian army with guerrilla operations against the "fascist henchmen Chetniks in the Second World War. Croatian President Tudjman himself as a member of the guerrilla movement was even awarded in 1995, the Russian state award in memory of the Second World War II, that showed the beginning of the reorientation of the Croatian elite.
Almost tipping the date of the death of President Franjo Tudjman and his ministers Defense Gojko Susak, who died with a touching unity with the same diagnosis in the same medical institution, and thus freed the scene for a new generation of reformers. In fact, the team, who had his hands elbow-deep in blood, which rejected the genocide during the Second World War and to make repeated anti-Semitic statements could hardly be appropriate for a country that is going to become a member of NATO and the EU. Over time, the official propaganda of Croatia became More and more turn in the opposite direction. Current Croatian officials say without a shadow of doubt that Croatia - the first country, where a massive anti-fascist movement, referring to the guerrillas. Its leader was a Croat - Tito. That among the rebels an absolute majority up to 1944 and relative to 1944-1945. were Serbs, of course, is not mentioned. Indeed, the very idea of anti-fascism is stated as a commitment to the ideals of democracy in general, and Western liberal democracy in particular. Communist orthodoxy and terror against political opponents during and after the war it is finished - the work of the Serbs, "who for the most part supported the Chetniks, and after Stalinism." And now in 2007-2008, the Croatian state television takes on the budget money serial film about the life of the Croatian intellectual family on the eve of and during the Second World War. Ustashi depicted in it evil psychopaths, and the Croatian underground Communists - nice, though somewhat carried about by young people. In this case, the same metamorphosis occurs with the monuments of partisans, with street names associated with the guerrilla movement. At the periphery of most of these monuments have been demolished and the streets were renamed, as perpetuating the memory of the Serb partisans. At the same time in major cities, there are renovation and restoration of monuments of "the heroic anti-fascists from Croatia. " At the same time, it is worth noting that in the general population there is a rejection in relation to the historical legacy of the partisan movement. In this partisan memorials are regularly subjected to desecration of the unknown "young hooligans".
In Serbia, the dynamics of mass views on the Second World War and its results has evolved somewhat differently, but even more unlike the situation in the former Soviet Union. Since the early nineties gradually came rehabilitation chetnicheskogo movement increasingly became politically popular recognition of the role of the Chetniks in the fight against the Germans in the early War and the Ustashi during almost the entire war. As much as two major political parties of the then Serbia - Vojislav Seselj's Radical Party and Serbian movement Update Vuk Draskovic claimed the heritage and the revival of chetnicheskogo movement. In this sheshelevskoe direction is mainly based on the revival traditions of Serbian Chetniks in the western part of Serbian ethnic space (Bosnia and Croatia), where the main objective was to protect the interests of the Serb people from the Croats and Bosnian Muslims. In the perception of Draskovic, chetnicheskoe movement had a different interpretation. Here greater attention to traditional reliance on allies, and against democracy, "adapted to the conditions of the Serb." Recreating leaf image Chetniks in no small measure contributed to the and the fact that in Serbia, as such, the guerrilla movement has been relatively scarce. Mass is acquired it in Serb areas of Croatia, Bosnia and Montenegro. On the other hand, it is in the early nineties, got out on the white light of all the mistakes made in solving the national question in post-war Yugoslavia. While ethnic minorities were on the territories of Croatia, Bosnia and Macedonia, autonomous regions were established only in Serbia. Chetniks, in contrast by Internationalist-partisan, were the most ardent defenders of the Serbs from the Muslims and Croats.
No wonder that under these conditions the halo of the partisan movement quickly faded, destroyed the ideals of brotherhood and unity.
official propaganda managed to maintain sympathy for the people "Communists-pochvennikam" which did not give turn will Croat Tito. This wave was successfully dismantled the cult of Tito. But the process of dismantling has not stopped. Practically, with nostalgia for the "glorious seventieth", in the broad popular strata remained sympathies to the Communist ideology as outdated and shared mode Milosevic's disastrous quickly becomes unattractive. If in the early nineties portraits of Slobodan Milosevic sold in churches, in 2000 has been difficult to meet the person, except employees of government agencies, which would positively expressed the communist legacy. This desperate anti-communism (and anti-socialist sentiments) are strong and still. For the past 8 years after the fall of Milosevic, his party is dragging out a miserable existence, and the orthodox Communists virtually absent. Paradoxically, in Serbia - the country's turbulent transition period, the welfare of the oligarchs, the wild privatization and a sharp drop in living standards - the main mass of the disaffected vote not for socialists or communists, but for the Nationalists, that is, radicals.
clear In these conditions the positive memories of World War II, the guerrillas and the role of the Red Army as a liberating army, can not be massive. If the first blow to the positive image of the character of the liberation of victory in World War II dealt a great lie in 1948, the last, of course, was unsuccessful outcome of wars of the nineties for the Heritage section of Yugoslavia. Administrative boundaries, resulting from the victory of the guerrillas in 1945, became the basis of those independent states which are separated from Serbia, the Serbian lands, which remained in Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Kosovo. Practically, in the mass consciousness of the modern Serbian inhabitant Second World War - a civil war in which the Communist victory, with all its consequences.
Thus, even a professor at the Belgrade University historian Nikola Samardzic live on 21 December 2007 stated that "Serbia survived two occupations - in 1941 and in 1944, the latter was much worse, because its effects were much more severe. " With regard to the other side - Serb nationalists, their position may not be less accurately determined from the storefront Serbian Radical Party in downtown Belgrade, is literally littered with books of memoirs Chetniks and lotichevtsev. Memoirs of a partisan may appear here only if they contain revelations of crimes the communists against the Serbian people. With this unexpected convergence of views opposing parts of Serbian society in the outcome of the Second World War in Serbia should be noted that the starting positions on both sides different. "Patriots" see the victory of the partisans in 1944, defeated the Serbian national interests, the triumph of materialism, the destruction of centuries-old spiritual values. Liberals see in this victory rejection of Western civilization and liberal values. This unanimity of views evident in respect of Serbian political elite international ceremony dedicated to World War II. It is important to notice that in 2005, even the head of Estonia has found it necessary to to visit Moscow, but the pro-Russian Serbia has not sent any leaders of the ruling party (Democrats) or the leaders of the opposition (the Radicals), which preferred to lie low and not cause the voters of unpleasant associations. Came only the technical representatives of Serbia, the ministers minor ministries to place Serbia is not empty too ostentatiously.
In the late nineties, only a small organization of veterans and historians retirees organized Society for the Protection of the truth about the national liberation struggle, which is actively publishes memoirs and books about the "heroic struggle against the fascist occupiers and their henchmen. " However, in recent times even Society is mutated in the Anti-Fascist alliance of Serbia, which enjoys a subsidy from general funds with the Mothers in Black "," Helsinki Group and other human rights organizations.
Monuments partisans and Red Army soldiers in Serbia destroyed. No, they just are self-destructive. Abandoned and empty, they become a meeting place for drug addicts looking for solitude.
Covered layers of graffiti and are no longer seen brought to a grateful heart flowers. Only occasionally, in the case of the arrival of the official Russian delegation to them appear flowers. The only exception - Park liberators of Belgrade, who carefully cultivate and beautify. In this case, the majority of people walking on it couples or moms with fun frolicking children just do not know who is and who liberated Belgrade. If you ask them who set taken refuge in the dense shade of the monuments they replied indifferently: "Somehow the Communists." After the excitement, lies and denial is indifference has become the latest form of the Serbian society to the events of World War II.
Higher irony is that the Serbs, who after the Russian and Belarusians suffered the greatest relative loss in During World War II, almost completely replaced her out of his memory under the influence of civil strife that accompanied the war. This is partly comparable with the Russian attitude toward the First World War. Under the influence of the Civil War, World War I (the memory of which is actively living in Serbia, as the heroic act) has faded and disappeared from popular memory. Meanwhile, from all countries involved in World War I, it was Russia that suffered the greatest losses.
http://www.stoletie.ru/slavyanskoe_pole/kto_i_ot_kogo_osvobozhdal_belgrad_2008-05-12.htm
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